tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36439826699678948232023-11-16T05:40:54.305-08:00Refractory Worldnon-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that made them applicable for structures, or as components of systems, that are exposed to environments above 1000 °F (800K, 500 °C)Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-51266690087766650302009-07-02T03:23:00.000-07:002009-07-02T03:27:53.148-07:00Refractory<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} h2 {mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:2; font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold;} h3 {mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; mso-outline-level:3; font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold;} p {mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.mw-headline {mso-style-name:mw-headline;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:483013297; mso-list-template-ids:-56303746;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><font style="color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;" size="1">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</font><o:p></o:p> <p>A <b>refractory</b> material is one that retains its strength at high temperatures. ASTM C71 defines refractories as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that made them applicable for structures, or as components of systems, that are exposed to environments above 1000 °F (800K, 500 °C)".</p> <p><span style=""> </span>Refractory materials are used in linings for furnaces, kilns, incinerators and reactors. They are also used to make crucibles.<o:p></o:p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Refractory materials</span><o:p></o:p></h2> <p>Refractory materials must be chemically and physically stable at high temperatures. Depending on the operating environment, they need to be resistant to thermal shock, be chemically inert, and/or have specific ranges of thermal conductivity and of the coefficient of thermal expansion.<o:p></o:p></p> <p>The oxides of aluminium (alumina), silicon (silica) and magnesium (magnesia) are the most important materials used in the manufacturing of refractories. Another oxide usually found in refractories is the oxide of calcium (lime). Fireclays are also widely used in the manufacture of refractories.<o:p></o:p></p> <p>Refractories must be chosen according to the conditions they will face. Some applications require special refractory materials. Zirconia is used when the material must withstand extremely high temperatures. Silicon carbide and carbon are two other refractory materials used in some very severe temperature conditions, but they cannot be used in contact with oxygen, as they will oxidize and burn.<o:p></o:p></p> <h3><a name="Types_of_refractories" id="Types_of_refractories"></a><span class="mw-headline">Types of refractories</span><o:p></o:p></h3> <p>Acidic refractories cannot be used in a basic environment and basic refractories cannot be used in an acidic environment because they will be corroded. Zircon, fireclay and silica are acidic, dolomite and magnesite are basic and alumina, chromite, silicon carbide, carbon and mullite are neutral. Refractory metals are also frequently used.<o:p></o:p></p> <p>Refractory materials are used extensively in the metal industries, along with glass melting and other heat treatment operations.<o:p></o:p></p> <p>There are two common forms of refractories, bricks and monolithics. Bricks (also known as firebrick) are pre-sintered forms which can hold their shape. Monolithics are loose material which can be formed into complex shapes, or sprayed into place, and have to be sintered before use. Castable refractory cement is also commonly used.<o:p></o:p></p> <h2><a name="Refractory_anchorage" id="Refractory_anchorage"></a><span class="mw-headline">Refractory anchorage</span><o:p></o:p></h2> <p>Anti-abrasion refractory attached to pipes, chambers, etc, will require anchorage systems such as wire formed anchors or <span style=""> </span>hexmetal to support the refractory linings. The anchorage used for refractory on roofs and vertical walls are more critical as they are to support the weight of refractory even at the elevated temperatures and operating conditions. The commonly used anchorages have circular or rectangular cross-section. Circular cross-section are used for low thickness refractory and they support relatively less weight per unit area; whereas the rectangular cross-section is used for high thickness refractory and can support higher weight of refractory per unit area. The number of anchors to be used depend on the operating conditions and the refractory materials. The choice of anchors shape, numbers and size has significant impact on the useful life of the refractory.<o:p></o:p></p> <h2><a name="Refractory_heat-up" id="Refractory_heat-up"></a><span class="mw-headline">Refractory heat-up</span><o:p></o:p></h2> <p>Usually, refractories require special heat-up techniques to ensure that their performance will be attained as designed, and to avoid thermal shock and drying stresses until the operational status is achieved.<o:p></o:p></p> <h2><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a><a name="References"></a><span class="mw-headline">References</span><o:p></o:p></h2> <ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="" id="cite_note-0"><b>^</b> ASTM Volume 15.01 <i>Refractories; Activated Carbon, Advanced Ceramics</i><o:p></o:p></li></ol> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-46935407867815461052009-07-02T03:10:00.000-07:002009-07-02T03:51:01.297-07:00The Formation of Glass-Ceramics from OCF E-Glass<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} h1 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:1; font-size:18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;} p.MsoBodyTextIndent, li.MsoBodyTextIndent, div.MsoBodyTextIndent {margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.25in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black; font-weight:bold; mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:16;">Aaron Hedlund<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:16;">Advisor:<span style=""> </span>Dr. James Shelby<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:16;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:12;">Final Report to the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:12;">Center for Environmental and Energy Research at <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Alfred</st1:placename> <st1:placename st="on">University</st1:placename></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h1 style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1> <h1 style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-size:12;">Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships 2003<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" align="center"><b style="">9/31/03<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Summary:</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>This project was designed to study the effect of additives on the crystallization behavior of E-glass under a specific heat treatment.<span style=""> </span>This was intended to determine the feasibility of recycling of the millions of tons of waste E-glass produced every year into useable products, with a minimum of cost and effort.<span style=""> </span>E-glass samples were obtained and crushed, the additions were made, and the samples were melted, annealed, and cut into standardized samples.<span style=""> </span>The samples were heat treated, allowed to cool, and then mounted in epoxy and polished.<span style=""> </span>The thickness of the crystallization layer was measured using an optical microscope.<span style=""> </span>It was determined that this material is very difficult to crystallize using this heat treatment program, and that the only effective way to do so is to shift the composition of the material using additions of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CaO.<span style=""> </span><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>In 1999, approximately 3.5 billion pounds of glass fiber were produced worldwide.<span style=""> </span>E-glass was the most common<sup> </sup>of all the types of fiber produced<sup> (1)</sup>.<span style=""> </span>There has been growing interest in researching new ways of recycling this material.<span style=""> </span>This project investigated the feasibility of recycling waste E-glass by transforming it into a glass-ceramic material, which could then be used in other applications.<span style=""> </span>The process developed must minimize the cost and time required for the waste material to undergo the transformation.<span style=""> </span>This means that the amount of additives used, and the cost of those additives must be kept as low as possible, and the equipment used should be equipment that would already be found in glass-fiber manufacturing plants.<span style=""> </span></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Glass-ceramic materials are solid materials with a crystalline structure obtained by the controlled devitrification of glasses.<span style=""> </span>To make a glass-ceramic product, a glass is melted, formed into the desired shape, and heat treated to allow the molecules in the glass to connect and order themselves into a crystalline structure.<span style=""> </span>When done properly, the end result is a product with a crystalline microstructure with little to no voids, microcracking, or porosity<sup> (2)</sup> (reducing these flaws is often the most difficult part of processing ceramic materials).<span style=""> </span></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Glasses are amorphous materials, or materials with no ordered molecular structure.<span style=""> </span>Materials crystallize by nucleation and crystal growth.<span style=""> </span>In the nucleation stage, many small nuclei form, but do not grow.<span style=""> </span>In the growth stage, the previously formed nuclei grow larger and larger, until the material can no longer form crystals of the growing phase.</p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>It would be desirable to transform the waste E-glass into glass ceramic for several reasons. Interest in glass-ceramic materials has been increasing as manufacturers realize the beneficial properties of glass-ceramics.<span style=""> </span>The main benefit of glass-ceramics is that they are easily made and shaped like traditional glass products, as well as having many of the desirable properties of ceramic materials (high strength, high resistance to thermal shock, hardness, etc.).<span style=""> </span>Other properties of glass-ceramics, such as thermal expansion, can be varied over a large range (from negative to positive)<sup> (3)</sup>, making them ideal for many applications.<span style=""> </span>With these properties, it is now possible for manufacturers to produce products which before were previously not possible, as complex shapes are difficult to form from ceramics, but can be formed from glasses, crystallization produces properties outside the limitations of traditional glass products, with values in the range of many ceramic products.<span style=""> </span></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Owens-Corning Fiberglass (OCF) E-glass was selected since it makes up a significant portion of the glass fiber produced in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> today <sup>(1)</sup>.<span style=""> </span>OCF E-glass is a calcium-alumino-silicate (CAS) glass, with small amounts of magnesium, iron, boron, titanium, and sodium oxides.<span style=""> </span>OCF E-glass is known for having a high tensile strength even at high temperatures (hence its primary application in fiber-reinforced composites) and a high chemical resistance, especially to H<sub>2</sub>O.<span style=""> </span></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Very little research has been done on the crystallization of CAS glasses.<span style=""> </span>R.G Duan and K.M. Liang <sup>(4, 5) </sup>studied the crystallization of the entire system in much more depth at the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">Beijing</st1:placename></st1:place> in 1997. They did not study any commercial glasses.<span style=""> </span></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>The effect of additives on the crystal layer thickness was studied in this project.<span style=""> </span>Additions included TiO<sub>2</sub> which was used as a nucleating agent, Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> which was added in order to de-stabilize the glass, and CaO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> which were added to shift the composition of the glass into different crystal-forming regions of the phase diagram.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Methods:</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>In order to crystallize the original glass into the desired glass-ceramic product, the samples were heat treated at 1000 ºC for times ranging from 1 to 2 hours.<span style=""> </span>The thickness of the crystal layer was then measured.<o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>OCF E-glass was obtained from OCF in the form of 25 – 30g ‘marbles’, which were placed in a Pt crucible for melting.<span style=""> </span>The glass and crucible were placed into an electrically heated furnace and held at 1500 ºC for 30 minutes.<span style=""> </span>After 30 minutes, the crucible was removed and air cooled to room temperature.<span style=""> </span>If additions were necessary, the glass was mechanically crushed into a fine powder, mixed with the desired amount of additives, remelted for 30 minutes and allowed to air cool again.<span style=""> </span>The glass transition temperature (T<sub>g</sub>) of the glass was determined in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).<span style=""> </span>Once the T<sub>g</sub> was known, the sample was annealed in a programmable furnace.<span style=""> </span>Samples were heated to within 5 ºC of their respective T<sub>g</sub>’s at a rate of 5 K/minute, held for 30 minutes, and cooled at a rate of 3 K/ minute to room temperature.<span style=""> </span>Once cooled, the glass was cut into samples approximately 1.5 mm thick.<span style=""> </span>The samples were placed on a piece of Pt foil, and heat treated at 1000ºC in the melting furnace for a specified amount of time (typically 15 – 180 minutes).<span style=""> </span>Once heat treated, the sample was removed and allowed to air cool to room temperature.<span style=""> </span>The sample was then vertically mounted in fast-setting 2-part epoxy and polished to 1200 grit.<span style=""> </span>Once polished, the thickness of the crystal layer was measured using an optical microscope with an eyepiece scale.<span style=""> </span>The thickness of the sample layer was recorded.<o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Results:</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>The results of the heat treatments with different additives are listed in Table I.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">Table I.<span style=""> </span>Crystal Layer Thickness
<br /></p><p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">
<br /><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBuOU93sCZ4XtAIuh2YwyzB68Lkzu0suj8jGEazvvtwD8UwqjAzLLWdpVqU7HRlWz708hgbkOScYqAGVGW12xpjPIPjGgoJvp8Fk2T6QejcpZ_BzWq2RkqzWC5ZkRL8BUR8RXhnudjD0vQ/s1600-h/19.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 308px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBuOU93sCZ4XtAIuh2YwyzB68Lkzu0suj8jGEazvvtwD8UwqjAzLLWdpVqU7HRlWz708hgbkOScYqAGVGW12xpjPIPjGgoJvp8Fk2T6QejcpZ_BzWq2RkqzWC5ZkRL8BUR8RXhnudjD0vQ/s320/19.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353804000384014770" border="0" /></a></p><p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">As is shown in the table, the base glass does not crystallize on its own, using this heat treatment.<span style=""> </span>It can also be seen that the only additives with any promise are 20% CaO and 10% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.<span style=""> </span></p><p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Discussion:</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>It was found that E-glass is very difficult to crystallize.<span style=""> </span>The glass itself is very resistant to crystallization and will not nucleate from the bulk of the material with any of the additives or heat treatments used in this study.<span style=""> </span>The addition a of nucleating agent (TiO<sub>2</sub>) did not improve crystallization noticeably. Addition of Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to destabilize the glass<sup> (6)</sup> had an only a moderate effect on the growth of crystals in the sample.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>In order to determine the stabilizing effect of the B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the material, a simplified E-glass composition was made, with the formula 26.7 CaO- 13.3 Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> – 60SiO<sub>2</sub>.<span style=""> </span>This glass did not crystallize, demonstrating that the stabilizing effect of the B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is negligible.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Addition of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> or CaO causes the glass to crystallize.<span style=""> </span>Addition of these oxides shifted the composition of the material on the phase diagram, causing a shift in the composition of the crystals formed.<span style=""> </span>The CaO additions were the most successful. Increasing the temperature of the heat treatments to 1050 ºC had a more significant effect on increasing the amount of crystallization than increasing the length of the heat treatment (these results are qualitative).<span style=""> </span>This result agrees with the previous studies of the E-glass crystallization <sup>(4, 5, 6)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Conclusions:</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>E-glass is very difficult to crystallize.<span style=""> </span>The effects of nucleating agents such as TiO2 are not significant. The only way to get the material to crystallize in an acceptable manner is to shift the composition of the crystalline phase by adding either Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> or CaO (the latter being preferred).<span style=""> </span>In future studies, the compositions which produced more desirable results could be studied further, with heat treatments at different temperatures and for different times.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><b style="">References:</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">1.<span style=""> </span><a href="http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/composites.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/composites.pdf</a></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">2.<span style=""> </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Boyd</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">D.C.</st1:state></st1:place>, and MacDowell, J.F. (eds.).<span style=""> </span><u>Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 18: Commercial </u><span style=""> </span><u>Glasses</u>.<span style=""> </span>The American Ceramic Society, Inc., <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Columbus</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">OH</st1:state></st1:place>, pp. 157-176, <span style=""> </span>1986.</p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">3.<span style=""> </span>Prindle, W. R., Danielson, P. S., and Malmendier, J. W.<span style=""> </span>“Glass Processing”, in </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><u>Engineered Materials Handbook: Ceramics and Glasses, Vol.4</u>.<span style=""> </span>ASM </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; color: rgb(255, 255, 153);">International, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Materials Park</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">OH</st1:state></st1:place>, pp. 377-394, 1991.</p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">4.<span style=""> </span>Duan, R.G. and Liang, K.M.<span style=""> </span>“A Study on the crystallization of CaO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub> <span style=""> </span></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>system glasses”.<span style=""> </span><u>Journal of Materials Processing Technology</u>, vol. 75, iss. 1-3, </p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>pp. 235-239, March, 1998.</p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">5.<span style=""> </span>Duan, R.G., Liang, K. M., and Gu, S. R.<span style=""> </span>“A Study on the Mechanism of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Crystal</st1:place></st1:city> </p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Growth in the Process of Crystallization of Glasses.”<span style=""> </span><u>Materials Research <o:p></o:p></u></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span><u>Bulletin</u>, vol. 33, number 8, pp. 1143-1149, 1998.</p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal">6.<span style=""> </span>Barbieri, L., Corradi, A., Leonelli, C., Siligardi, C., Manfredini, T., and Pellacani, G.<span style=""> </span></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Effect of TiO<sub>2</sub> Addition of the Properties of Complex Aluminosilicate Glasses </p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>and Glass-Ceramics.<span style=""> </span><u>Materials Research Bulletin</u>, vol. 32, number 6, pp. 637-</p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>648, 1997.</p>
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panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: Times;">A MAST Module</span></b><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;">Materials Science and Technology<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;">1995<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;">Acknowledgments<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">The authors would like to thank the following people for their advice and support in the development of this module:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Dr. Jennifer Lewis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Director of the Materials Science Workshop<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Dr. James Adams<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Assistant Director<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Dr. John Kieffer<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Department of Material Science and Engineering<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:placetype w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">University</span></st1:placetype><span style="font-family: Times;"> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename> Urbana-Champaign, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Urbana</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">IL</st1:state></st1:place><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Joe Grindley<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">University</span></st1:placetype><span style="font-family: Times;"> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename></span></st1:place><span style="font-family: Times;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramics Lab Coordinator<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Authors:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">George Baehr<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Harlem Consolidated School District 122, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Loves Park</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">IL</st1:state></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Jerald Day<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">Turkey</span></st1:placename><span style="font-family: Times;"> <st1:placename w:st="on">Run</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">High School</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Marshall</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">IN</st1:state></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40pt; text-indent: -40pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Laurel Dieskow<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40pt; text-indent: -40pt;"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">Oak Forest</span></st1:placename><span style="font-family: Times;"> <st1:placetype w:st="on">High School</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Oak Forest</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">IL</st1:state></st1:place> <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Diane Faulise<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">Stillwater</span></st1:placename><span style="font-family: Times;"> <st1:placename w:st="on">Area</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">High School</st1:placetype>;, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Stilllwater</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">MN</st1:state></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Elizabeth Overocker<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">Antioch</span></st1:placename><span style="font-family: Times;"> <st1:placename w:st="on">Community</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">High School</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Antioch</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">WI</st1:state></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">J<b style="">ohn J. Schwan</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:placetype w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">University</span></st1:placetype><span style="font-family: Times;"> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Urbana</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">IL</st1:state></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;">Foreword<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">This module is intended as a curriculum supplement for high school science teachers who would like to introduce their students to concepts in Materials Science and Technolology.<span style=""> </span>Teachers are urged to use one, some, or all of the MAST modules.<span style=""> </span>Some teachers may wish to implement this module in its entirety as a subject unit in a course.<span style=""> </span>Others may wish to utilize only part of the module, perhaps a laboratory experiment.<span style=""> </span><b style="">We encourage teachers to reproduce and use these materials in their classrooms and to contact the workshop with any assessment, comments, or suggestions they may have.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">This is one in a series of MAST modules developed and revised during the Materials Technology Workshop held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign during 1993-'95.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">A combination of university professors, high school science teachers, and undergraduates, worked together to create and revise this module over a three year period.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Financial support for the Materials Technology Workshop was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Education and Human Resource Directorate (Grant # ESI<span style=""> </span>92-53386)<span style=""> </span>Other contributors include the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">NSF</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place> for Advanced Cement Based Materials, the Dow Chemical Foundation, the Materials Research Society, the Iron and Steel Society, and the Peoria Chapter of the American Society for Metals.<span style=""> </span>The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename></st1:place> at Urbana-Champaign Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the College of Engineering Office of Extramural Education provided organizational support.</span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-21995588486814492852009-07-02T03:01:00.000-07:002009-07-02T03:22:48.225-07:00Introduction<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Module Objective</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The objective of this module is to explore the world of ceramic materials through applications, properties, and processing.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Key Concepts:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Examples and applications of ceramic<span style=""> </span>materials<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Ceramic bonding mechanisms and how they influence properties<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Properties of ceramics (mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Preparation and testing of crystalline and amorphous ceramic materials<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Prerequisites:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Some familiarity with the following concepts would be helpful in the understanding of the information in this module.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Basic chemical bonding (ionic & covalent)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Electronegativity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Hydrated materials<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Density<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Placement in Curriculum:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">This module could be included in a chemistry course with crystalline structure, density or bonding; in physics with mechanics, heat, optics,and electronics; and in general/tech science as an application of materials in their lives.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBftCA0BjeXIbJV2FRtvlmvM-9qCMd9bHuD2VoSI5O2x1easf4nyL7s4gDl1paBV9WKO_cet8RiEbuFmNLpwerJrMtyqJF3wCNaxvhoTYX7MlNa_EohaqqLVUr92w1GKqVGFeaScv7xO86/s1600-h/18.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 220px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBftCA0BjeXIbJV2FRtvlmvM-9qCMd9bHuD2VoSI5O2x1easf4nyL7s4gDl1paBV9WKO_cet8RiEbuFmNLpwerJrMtyqJF3wCNaxvhoTYX7MlNa_EohaqqLVUr92w1GKqVGFeaScv7xO86/s320/18.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353801263942535106" border="0"></a><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">F. Y. I. :</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramics are materials that are composed of inorganic substances (usually a combination of metallic and nonmetallic elements). Just where in your life would you use items based on ceramic materials?<span style=""> </span>Let’s<span style=""> </span>look at a scenario that we all have in common. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">"Beeeeppp," the alarm clock sounds to roust you from your sleep.<span style=""> </span>The electricity that kept that clock ticking all night was generated, stored, and traveled through a whole array of ceramic products such as transducers, resistors, and various <b style="">insulators</b>. You turn on the light which is encased in a glass (ceramic) bulb. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Up and going, your feet hit the ceramic tiled floor of the bathroom as you drag yourself over to the slip casted ceramic throne (toilet).<span style=""> </span>Duty attended to, you head for the ceramic sink where hands and teeth are cleaned (even the ceramic one that was implanted after that athletic accident).<span style=""> </span>Before you step into the shower, you warm up the room with the electric heater that contains ceramic heating elements. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">"Brrrinnng," the phone, which contains a ceramic microphone that can transmit your voice through fiber optic lines, rings.<span style=""> </span>“Hello,”<span style=""> </span>and in the background you detect that “click - click“ of a computer which contains ceramic-based microelectronic packages that house silicon wafers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The bathroom has warmed. You pause to look out over the snow covered lawn and contemplate adding another layer of fiber glass insulation to help hold the heat in the house. You realize that you really don’t want to put those pink fiberglass rolls into your brand new car, which in itself contains over 70 pounds of ceramic sensors and parts.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 32pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">"Zoooommmm," overhead a jet passes by, and you think about the returning space shuttle and its many uses of ceramic materials from the nose cone to the heat shielding tiles. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">We could continue our journey through the day, but maybe you ought to explore what ceramics are.<span style=""> </span>Would you like to discover what special properties ceramics have, and why?<span style=""> </span>Or you could even find out what applications exist in today's, as well as tomorrow's world of ceramics.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /><br />Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-71285566321786992492009-07-02T02:54:00.000-07:002009-07-02T03:22:48.229-07:00What Are Ceramics?<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramics encompass such a vast array of materials that a concise definition is almost impossible.<span style=""> </span>However, one workable definition of ceramics is a refractory, inorganic, and nonmetallic material.<span style=""> </span>Ceramics can be divided into two classes: traditional and advanced.<span style=""> </span>Traditional ceramics include clay products, silicate glass and <b style="">cement</b>; while advanced ceramics consist of carbides (SiC), pure oxides (Al</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">O</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">), nitrides (Si</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">N</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: Times;">), non-silicate glasses and many others.<span style=""> </span>Ceramics offer many advantages compared to other materials.<span style=""> </span>They are harder and stiffer than steel; more heat and corrosion resistant than metals or polymers; less dense than most metals and their alloys; and their raw materials are both plentiful and inexpensive.<span style=""> </span>Ceramic materials display a wide range of properties which facilitate their use in many different product areas. <span style=""> </span><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Product Area<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Product</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Aerospace<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">space shuttle tiles, thermal barriers, high temperature glass windows, fuel cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Consumer Uses<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">glassware, windows, pottery, Corning<span style="position: relative; top: -3pt;">®</span><span style=""> </span>ware, magnets, dinnerware, ceramic tiles, lenses, home electronics, microwave transducers<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Automotive<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">catalytic converters, ceramic filters, airbag sensors, ceramic rotors, valves, spark plugs, pressure sensors, thermistors, vibration sensors, oxygen sensors, safety glass windshields, piston rings<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Medical<span style=""> </span>(Bioceramics)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">orthopedic joint replacement, prosthesis, dental restoration, bone implants<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Military<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">structural components for ground, air and naval vehicles, missiles, sensors<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Computers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">insulators, resistors, superconductors, capacitors, ferroelectric components, microelectronic packaging<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Other Industries<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">bricks, cement, membranes and filters, lab equipment<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Communications<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">fiber optic/<b style="">laser</b> communications, TV and radio components, microphones<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Humans have found applications for ceramics for the past 30,000 years; every day new and different applications are being discovered.<span style=""> </span>This truly makes ceramics a stone age material, with space age qualities.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGG8J7vR7g0E7foRcwiUXH98dWuC6YsSOaPqQftr9N_mi4h2pEKcswpO04Qi4WE_vX63XH89cBNnJ82knPujpqbf8yx21vAIbb-mGTo30UI2Vnzdz7JMXhcYEmzl5CaHMqgZroOceZirUg/s1600-h/16.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 260px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGG8J7vR7g0E7foRcwiUXH98dWuC6YsSOaPqQftr9N_mi4h2pEKcswpO04Qi4WE_vX63XH89cBNnJ82knPujpqbf8yx21vAIbb-mGTo30UI2Vnzdz7JMXhcYEmzl5CaHMqgZroOceZirUg/s320/16.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353799665764253346" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: Times;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirpuocGqvSfaeC-iBl2C_VGgrz6aH8ZCPPWkk7dpcgXxqLzQMy1P6zckwKwbAv1-gdWRd10KQewcYndBbz4uGHqDekfqvkhd2E8ByFdP_dVOXW8feDahnnd1UYY6JFFSCQhfKGWNoXqd1C/s1600-h/17.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 256px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirpuocGqvSfaeC-iBl2C_VGgrz6aH8ZCPPWkk7dpcgXxqLzQMy1P6zckwKwbAv1-gdWRd10KQewcYndBbz4uGHqDekfqvkhd2E8ByFdP_dVOXW8feDahnnd1UYY6JFFSCQhfKGWNoXqd1C/s320/17.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353799663926279330" border="0"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> <br /><br />Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-82081440945716406392009-07-02T02:52:00.000-07:002009-07-02T03:22:48.232-07:00Future Trends<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramics of the past were mostly of artistic and domestic value.<span style=""> </span>Ceramics of the present have many industrial applications.<span style=""> </span>Imagine what the next generation (your kids) will be doing because of advances in ceramics.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Imagine<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">The Future with Ceramics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Hand-held interactive videos that fit in your pocket <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:78.75pt; height:57pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" o:althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.pcz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30pt;height:39pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.wmz" o:althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.pcz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The electronic field looks ahead to microminiaturization of electronic devices.<span style=""> </span>Ceramic engineers will turn nonfunctional packaging parts into functional components of the device.<span style=""> </span>To accomplish this, new ceramic materials will be developed along with new methods to process them.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Phones that won’t ring; rings that will be phones with no dial pad <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51pt;height:33.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.wmz" o:althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.pcz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The communication industry was revolutionized with the development of fiber optics. Along with microminiaturization of components will come the incorporation of opto-electronic integrated circuits.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">A 300 mph train ride into <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Fantasy</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Land</st1:placetype></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51pt;height:36pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.wmz" o:althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.pcz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">High temperature superconductors will open the doors to magnetic levitation vehicles, cheap electricity, and improved MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). With micro-applications of superconductors through thin film tapes in sensors and memory storage devices, the use of superconductors will take-off.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">A high speed electric car powered with a fuel cell and full of high tech sensors that practically drive the car for you<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:87.75pt;height:26.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.wmz" o:althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image014.pcz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The automobile industry, which already incorporates seventy pounds of ceramics into a car, is looking to the field of ceramics to provide improved sensors of motion, gas compositions, electrical and thermal changes; as well as light weight, high strength and high temperature components for the engines.<span style=""> </span>For the conservation of energy and environmental protection, ceramics seem to be a viable possibility in the use of ceramic fuel cells, batteries, photovoltaic cells, and fiber optic transmission of energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">A best friend that‘s bionic/andromic with microscopic hearing and seeing devices and a skeletal system all made from ceramics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:71.25pt;height:69pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image016.wmz" o:althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image017.pcz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Besides the ceramic applications in medical diagnostic instruments, the field of bioceramics for bone replacement and chemotherapy release capsules is here.<span style=""> </span>As ceramic materials improve in terms of strength, nonreactivity, compatibility, longevity,<span style=""> </span>porosity for tissue growth, and lower costs, more use of ceramic devices will be seen.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b>Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-62651437350234385422009-07-02T02:44:00.000-07:002009-07-02T03:22:48.236-07:00Scientific Principles<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; 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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Introduction:</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramics have characteristics that enable them to be used in a wide variety of applications including:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>high <b style="">heat capacity</b> and low heat conductance<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>corrosion resistance<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>electrically insulating, semiconducting, or superconducting<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>nonmagnetic and magnetic<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>hard and strong, but brittle <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The diversity in their properties stems from their bonding and <b style="">crystal structures</b>.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Atomic Bonding:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Two types of bonding mechanisms occur in ceramic materials, <b style="">ionic</b> and <b style="">covalent</b>.<span style=""> </span>Often these mechanisms co-exist in the same ceramic material.<span style=""> </span>Each type of bond leads to different characteristics. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ionic bonds most often occur between metallic and nonmetallic elements that have large differences in their <b style="">electronegativities</b>.<span style=""> </span>Ionically-bonded <b style="">structures</b> tend to have rather high melting points, since the bonds are strong and non-directional.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The other major bonding mechanism in ceramic structures is the covalent bond.<span style=""> </span>Unlike ionic bonds where electrons are transferred, atoms bonded covalently share electrons.<span style=""> </span>Usually the elements involved are nonmetallic and have small electronegativity differences.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Many ceramic materials contain both ionic and covalent bonding.<span style=""> </span>The overall properties of these materials depend on the dominant bonding mechanism. Compounds that are either mostly ionic or mostly covalent have higher melting points than compounds in which <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">neither kind of bonding predominates. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Table 1: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Comparison of % Covalent and Ionic character with several ceramic <span style=""> </span>compound's melting points.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: double solid solid double; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramic Compound</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Melting Point ˚C</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">% Covalent character <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">% Ionic character<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Magnesium Oxide<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2798˚<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">27%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">73%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Aluminum Oxide<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2050˚<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">37%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">63%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Silicon Dioxide<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">1715˚<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">49%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">51%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Silicon Nitride <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">1900˚<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">70%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">30%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Silicon Carbide<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2500˚<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">89%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">11%<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Classification:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramic materials can be divided into two classes: <b style="">crystalline</b> and <b style="">amorphous</b> (<b style="">noncrystalline</b>).<span style=""> </span>In crystalline materials, a <b style="">lattice</b> point is occupied either by atoms or ions depending on the bonding mechanism. These atoms (or ions) are arranged in a regularly repeating pattern in three dimensions (i.e., they have long-range order).<span style=""> </span>In contrast, in amorphous materials, the atoms exhibit only short-range order.<span style=""> </span>Some ceramic materials, like silicon dioxide (SiO</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">), can exist in either form.<span style=""> </span>A crystalline form of SiO</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times;">results when this material is slowly cooled from a temperature (T>T</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">MP</span><span style="font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times;">@1723˙C).<span style=""> </span>Rapid cooling favors noncrystalline formation since time is not allowed for ordered arrangements to form.</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAp7_P2a2cboLGxDeSBridUp2Jc60LTgKwMDgO18FLnwW76AG1MylIultlpcwKtGr2g3arjvv5hFPgUDuPdWKrE119eSbYybGwyVnlEXEexLz66RJaqfseTTvK-gHWztGzlEKKQ9voU-1P/s1600-h/14.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 190px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAp7_P2a2cboLGxDeSBridUp2Jc60LTgKwMDgO18FLnwW76AG1MylIultlpcwKtGr2g3arjvv5hFPgUDuPdWKrE119eSbYybGwyVnlEXEexLz66RJaqfseTTvK-gHWztGzlEKKQ9voU-1P/s320/14.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353797143816343410" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Figure 1:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">Comparison in the physical strucuture of both crystalline and amorphous <span style=""> </span>Silicon dioxide<b style=""><span style=""> </span></b><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The type of bonding (ionic or covalent) and the internal structure (crystalline or amorphous) affects the properties of ceramic materials.<span style=""> </span>The mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties of ceramics will be discussed in the following sections. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-71179722087833196202009-07-02T02:34:00.000-07:002009-07-02T03:22:48.242-07:00Thermal Properties:<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The most important thermal properties of ceramic materials are heat capacity, <b style="">thermal expansion coefficient</b>, and thermal <b style="">conductivity</b>.<span style=""> </span>Many applications of ceramics, such as their use as insulating materials, are related to these properties.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Thermal energy can be either stored or transmitted by a </span><span style="font-family: Times;">solid.<span style=""> </span>The ability of a material to absorb heat from its surrounding is its heat capacity.<span style=""> </span>In solid materials at T > 0 K, atoms are constantly vibrating.<span style=""> </span>The <b style="">atomic vibrations</b> are also affected by the vibrations of adjacent atoms through bonding.<span style=""> </span>Hence, vibrations can be transmitted across the solid.<span style=""> </span>The higher the tempe</span><span style="font-family: Times;">rature, the higher the frequency of vibration and the shorter the wavelength of the associated <b style="">elastic deformation</b>.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The potential energy between two bonded atoms can be schematically represented by a diagram:</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-YFLfFELlhESIZ5RuVU6jcMza34bp_XETP_VOF8eSFD2ffW3zlW7x2ZWloMp-6KjRcyZRjKaTZaCkKHU3dsK4umJLPBgtR9_-Bp2foPCpiLEY6jm8jPHOme1fxnDrHGZ20IKNTRlCMjNO/s1600-h/13.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-YFLfFELlhESIZ5RuVU6jcMza34bp_XETP_VOF8eSFD2ffW3zlW7x2ZWloMp-6KjRcyZRjKaTZaCkKHU3dsK4umJLPBgtR9_-Bp2foPCpiLEY6jm8jPHOme1fxnDrHGZ20IKNTRlCMjNO/s320/13.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353794525745681202" border="0"></a></p> <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ut5ZDN7vSCqVnhsudW5fhXetCZH1E2lzjMtqVEpEVIj0qJ7LoLAta_bkHZcEWzhYIsT4pjX9oCLthzlZmJ4oeMdogBuhkj6aCdblCDupWRJ63Y1Zh_XqmCHBlsx5hDObXMXHSCuOM9pZ/s1600-h/12.jpg"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </a><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; 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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; 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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Figure 2:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Graph depicting the potential en</span><span style="font-family: Times;">ergy between two bonded atoms<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The distance at which there is minimum energy (potential well) represents what is usually described as the bond length.<span style=""> </span>A good analogy is a sphere attached to a spring, with the equilibrium position of the spring corresponding to the atom at the bond length (potential well).<span style=""> </span>When the spring is either compressed or stretched from its equilibrium position, the force pulling it back to the equilibrium position is directly proportional to the displacement (Hooke's law).<span style=""> </span>Once displaced, the frequency of oscillation is greatest when there is a large spring constant and low mass ball.<span style=""> </span>Ceramics generally have strong</span><span style="font-family: Times;"> bonds and light atoms.<span style=""> </span>Thus, they can have high frequency vibrations of the atoms with small disturbances in the crystal lattice. The result is that they typically have both high heat capacities and high melting temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">As temperature increases, the vibrational amplitude of the bonds increases.<span style=""> </span>The asymmetry of the curve shows that the interatomic distance also increases with temperature, and this is observed as thermal expansion.<span style=""> </span>Compared to other materials, ceramics with strong bonds have potential energy curves that are deep and narrow and correspondingly small thermal expansion coefficients.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The conduction of heat through a solid involves the transfer of energy between vibrating atoms. Extending the analogy, consider each sphere (atom) to be connected to its neighbors by a network of springs (bonds).<span style=""> </span>The vibration of each atom affects the motion of neighboring atoms, </span><span style="font-family: Times;">and the result is elastic waves that propagate through the solid.<span style=""> </span>At low temperatures (up to about 400˚C), energy travels through the material predominantly via <b style="">phonons</b>, elastic waves that travel at the speed of sound.<span style=""> </span>Phonons are the result of particle vibrations which increase in frequency and amplitude as temperature increases.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Phonons travel through the material until they are scattered, either through phonon-phonon interactions* or at lattice <b style="">imperfections</b>.<span style=""> </span>Phonon conductivity generally decreases with increasing temperature in crystalline materials as the amount of scattering increases.<span style=""> </span>Amorphous ceramics which lack the ordered lattice undergo even greater scattering, and therefore are poor conductors.<span style=""> </span>Those ceramic materials that are composed of particles of similar size and mass with simple structures (such as d</span><span style="font-family: Times;">iamond or BeO) undergo the smallest amount of scattering and therefore have the greatest conductivity.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">At higher temperatures, <b style="">photon</b> conductivity (radiation) becomes the predominant mechanism of energy transfer.<span style=""> </span>This is a rapid sequence of <b style="">absorptions</b> and emissions of photons that travel at the speed of light.<span style=""> </span>This mode of conduction is especially important in glass, <b style="">transparent</b> crystalline ceramics, and porous ceramics.<span style=""> </span>In these materials, thermal conductivity increases with increased temperature.<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Although the thermal conductivity is affected by faults or defects in the crystal structure, the insulating properties of ceramics essentially depend on microscopic imperfections. The transmission of either type of wave (phonon or photon) is interrupted by <b style="">grain</b> boundaries and pores, so that more porous materials are better insulators.<span style=""> </span>The use of ceramic insulating materials to line kilns and industrial furnaces are one application of the insulating properties of ceramic materials. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The electron mechanism of heat transport is relatively unimportant in ceramics because charge is localized.<span style=""> </span>This mechanism is very important, however, in metals which have l</span><span style="font-family: Times;">arge numbers of free (delocalized) electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 1in;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 1in;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">*Phonon-phonon interactions are another consequence of the asymmetry in the interaction potential between atoms.<span style=""> </span>When different phonons overlap at the location of a particular atom, the vibrational amplitudes superimpose.<span style=""> </span>In the asymmetrical potential well, the curvature varies as a function of the displacement.<span style=""> </span>This means that the spring constant by which the atom is retained also changes.<span style=""> </span>Hence the atom has the tendency to vibrate with a different frequency, which produces a different phonon.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -4pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -4pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Table 2: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Comparison of thermal properties of different ceramic materials.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 1in;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: double solid solid double; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Material<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Melting Temp.(</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">o</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">C)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Heat Capacity (J/kg<span style="position: relative; top: -3pt;">.</span>K)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Coefficient of Linear Expansion<span style=""> </span>1/</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">o</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Cx10</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">-6</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Thermal Conductiv-ity (W/m<span style="position: relative; top: -3pt;">.</span>K)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Aluminum metal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">660<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">900<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">23.6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">247</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Copper metal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">1063<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">386<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">16.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">398<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Alumina<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2050<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">775<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">8.8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">30.1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Fused silica<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">1650<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">740<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Soda-lime glass<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">700<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">840<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">9.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">1.7</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Polyethylene<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">120<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2100<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">60-220<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">0.38<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Polystyrene<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">65-75<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">1360<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">50-85<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">0.13<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">One of the most interesting high-temperature applications of ceramic materials is their use on the space shuttle.<span style=""> </span>Almost the entire exterior of the shuttle is covered with ceramic tiles made from high purity amorphous silica fibers.<span style=""> </span>Those exposed to the highest temperatures have an added layer of high-emittance<span style=""> </span>glass.<span style=""> </span>These tiles can tolerate temperatures up to 1480˚ C for a limited amount of time.<span style=""> </span>Some of the high temperatures experienced by the shuttle during entry and ascent are shown in Figure 3.</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ut5ZDN7vSCqVnhsudW5fhXetCZH1E2lzjMtqVEpEVIj0qJ7LoLAta_bkHZcEWzhYIsT4pjX9oCLthzlZmJ4oeMdogBuhkj6aCdblCDupWRJ63Y1Zh_XqmCHBlsx5hDObXMXHSCuOM9pZ/s1600-h/12.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ut5ZDN7vSCqVnhsudW5fhXetCZH1E2lzjMtqVEpEVIj0qJ7LoLAta_bkHZcEWzhYIsT4pjX9oCLthzlZmJ4oeMdogBuhkj6aCdblCDupWRJ63Y1Zh_XqmCHBlsx5hDObXMXHSCuOM9pZ/s320/12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353794527108471794" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Figure 3:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">Diagram of space shuttle's ascent and descent temperatures<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The melting point of aluminum is 660˚C.<span style=""> </span>The tiles keep the temperature of the aluminum shell of the shuttle at or below 175˚C while the exterior temperatures can exceed 1400˚ C.<span style=""> </span>The tiles cool off rapidly, so that after exposure to such high temperatures they are cool enough to be held in the bare hand in about 10 seconds. Surprisingly, the thickness of these ceramic tiles varies from only 0.5 inches to 3.5 inches.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIRXhyphenhyphen1f05e8USjdo6Fn2s3XhKd1ZNpZsrMAKknZjWcLo9uDoItVDTfPcBCfPTWj8QBqtCfVh42h-g6qpmxW2tXMlPq96-XIGkS2fPoIMqtwR3umEafWKsgheeN1cGCwgA7jqar-U2f7pf/s1600-h/15.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 174px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIRXhyphenhyphen1f05e8USjdo6Fn2s3XhKd1ZNpZsrMAKknZjWcLo9uDoItVDTfPcBCfPTWj8QBqtCfVh42h-g6qpmxW2tXMlPq96-XIGkS2fPoIMqtwR3umEafWKsgheeN1cGCwgA7jqar-U2f7pf/s320/15.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353794522564745122" border="0"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Figure 4:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">Graph of inner temperature of tile versus tile thickness.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The shuttle also uses ceramic applications in fabrics for gap fillers and thermal barriers, reinforced carbon-carbon composites for the nose cone and wing leading edges, and high temperature glass windows.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p></p> <br /><br />Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-62889331678731138442009-07-02T01:49:00.000-07:002009-07-02T02:30:45.157-07:00Electrical Properties:<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The electrical properties of ceramic materials vary greatly, with characteristic measures spanning over many orders of magnitude (see Table 3).<span style=""> </span>Ceramics are probably best known as electrical insulators.<span style=""> </span>Some ceramic insulators (such as BaTiO</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">) can be polarized and used as capacitors.<span style=""> </span>Other ceramics conduct electrons when a threshold energy is reached, and are thus called semiconductors.<span style=""> </span>In 1986, a new class of ceramics was discovered, the high T<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;">c</span><span style=""> </span>superconductors.<span style=""> </span>These materials conduct electricity with essentially zero resistance.<span style=""> </span>Finally, ceramics known as<b style=""> piezoelectrics</b> can generate an electrical response to a mechanical force or vice versa.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Table 3:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">Electrical Resistivity of different materials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 1in; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: double solid solid double; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Type<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Material<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Resistivity (Ω-cm)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Metallic conductors:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Copper<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">1.7 x 10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">-6</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">CuO</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">3<span style=""> </span>x 10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">-5</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Semiconductors:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">SiC<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Germanium<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">40<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Insulators:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Fire-clay brick<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">8</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Si</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">N</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">>10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">14</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Polystyrene<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Superconductors:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">YBa</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">Cu</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">O</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">7-x</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">-22</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times;">(below T<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;">c</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Anyone who has used a portable cassette player, personal computer, or other electronic device is taking advantage of ceramic <b style="">dielectric</b> materials.<span style=""> </span>A dielectric material is an insulator that can be polarized at the molecular level.<span style=""> </span>Such materials are widely used in capacitors, devices which are used to store electrical charge.<span style=""> </span>The structure of a capacitor is shown in the diagram.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Ceramics"><span style=""> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:339pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.pcz" title="" cropbottom="5090f" cropleft="-3286f" cropright="-3286f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH0suUQMF_Ench6NDY39K5vLFOSRRrvgJzvcmrwxdNOXY_NCLTWDUJN2CwK4ilxNdbrZDmy48AEcFP0dbFlfnAIgw4PaVB1CnzBBZYtyjCbbC7muQMUQhvBl7BcUjuY64iTcZiUfJD9MvY/s1600-h/11.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 194px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH0suUQMF_Ench6NDY39K5vLFOSRRrvgJzvcmrwxdNOXY_NCLTWDUJN2CwK4ilxNdbrZDmy48AEcFP0dbFlfnAIgw4PaVB1CnzBBZYtyjCbbC7muQMUQhvBl7BcUjuY64iTcZiUfJD9MvY/s320/11.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353782901568557378" border="0" /></a><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="Ceramics"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="Ceramics"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">The charge of the capacitor is stored between its two plates.<span style=""> </span>The amount of charge (q) that it can hold depends on its voltage (V) and its <b style="">capacitance (C)</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 12pt;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Times;">q = CV</span></b><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">The dielectric is inserted between the plates of a capacitor, raising the capacitance of the system by a factor equal to its <b style="">dielectric constant</b>, k.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 12pt;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Times;">q = (kC)V</span></b><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Using materials that have large dielectric constants allows large amounts of char</span><span style="font-family:Times;">ge to be stored on extremely small capacitors.<span style=""> </span>This is a significant contribution to the continuing miniaturization of electronics (e.g., lap top computers, portable CD players, cellular phones, even hearing aids!).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">The <b style="">dielectric strength</b> of a material is its ability to continuously hold electrons at<span style=""> </span>a high voltage.<span style=""> </span>When a capacitor is fully charged, there is virtually no current passing through it.<span style=""> </span>But sometimes very strong electric fields (high voltages) excite large numbers of electrons from the valence ban</span><span style="font-family:Times;">d int</span><span style="font-family:Times;">o the conduction band.<span style=""> </span>When this happens current flows through the dielectric and some of the stored charge is lost.<span style=""> </span>This may be accompanied by partial breakdown of the material by melting, burning, and/or vaporization.<span style=""> </span>The <b style="">magnetic field strength</b> necessary to produce breakdown of a material is its dielectric strength.<span style=""> </span>Some ceramic materials have extremely high dielectric strengths.<span style=""> </span>For example, electrical porcelain can handle up to 300 volts for every .001 inches (mil) of the material!</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 12pt;" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Times;">Table 4:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family:Times;">Electrical property constants of different ceramic materials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: double solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:windowtext;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Material<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Dielectric constant<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">at 1 MHz<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Dielectric strength<span style=""> </span>(kV/cm)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Air<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">1.00059<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">30<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Polystyrene<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">2.54 - 2.56<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">240</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Glass (Pyrex)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">142<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Alumina<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">4.5 - 8.4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">16 - 63<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Porcelain<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">6.0 - 8.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">16 - 157<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Titanium dioxide<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">14 - 110<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.75in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">39 - 83</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Electrical current in solids is most often the result of the flow of electrons (electronic conduction).<span style=""> </span>In metals, mobile, conducting electrons are scattered by thermal vibrations (phonons), and this scattering is observed as resistance.<span style=""> </span>Thus, in metals, resistivity increases as temperature increases.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">In contrast, valence electrons in ceramic materials are usually not in the conduction band, thus most ceramics are considered insulators.<span style=""> </span>However, conductivity can be increased by doping the material with impurities.<span style=""> </span>Thermal energy will also promote electrons into the conduction band, so that in ceramics, conductivity increases (and resistivity decreases) as temperature increases.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Although ceramics were historically thought of as insulating materials, ceramic superconductors were discovered in 1986.<span style=""> </span>A superconductor can transmit electrical current with no resistance or power loss.<span style=""> </span>For most materials, resistivity gradually decreases as temperature decreases.<span style=""> </span>Superconductors have a critical temperature, T<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;">c</span>, at which the resistivity drops sharply to virtually zero.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="Ceramics"><span style=""> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:183pt;height:153.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.pcz" title="" croptop="-1702f" cropbottom="-1702f" cropleft="-6625f" cropright="-6625f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJM3owYeUd55hxlF1KsDr-rpe__ke14lEVRvPIm0EVeFnFWv-LPe62uoV4Ab47mjUdeOB66ssIzBgzwZiTWVb1vaMBJdx3tXAjZG4e1qU06Cze-_QPvNy_4budyVZh3TJa5GfWcuzjDl-6/s1600-h/10.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 245px; height: 207px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJM3owYeUd55hxlF1KsDr-rpe__ke14lEVRvPIm0EVeFnFWv-LPe62uoV4Ab47mjUdeOB66ssIzBgzwZiTWVb1vaMBJdx3tXAjZG4e1qU06Cze-_QPvNy_4budyVZh3TJa5GfWcuzjDl-6/s320/10.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353782896371040514" border="0" /></a><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="Ceramics"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; 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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Pure metals and metal alloys were the first known superconductors.<span style=""> </span>All had critical temperatures at or below 30K and required cooling with liquid helium.<span style=""> </span>The new ceramic superconductors usually contain<span style=""> </span>copper oxide planes such as YBa</span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;font-family:Times;font-size:9;" >2</span><span style="font-family:Times;">Cu</span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;font-family:Times;font-size:9;" >3</span><span style="font-family:Times;">O</span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;font-family:Times;font-size:9;" >7 </span><span style="font-family:Times;">discovered in 1987 with T<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;">c</span><span style=""> </span>= 93 K. They have critical temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77.4 K), which makes many potential applications of superconductors much more practical.<span style=""> </span>This is due to the lower cost of liquid nitrogen and the easier design of cryogenic devices.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p> <p class="Ceramics"><span style=""> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:245.25pt;height:188.25pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.pcz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaIMERkZa38NML7TsbrNu7CDMwR4IRWmd2y7bBgoj_EvxhCklBj4rQ1F-Lv49B9BOxf4iGAw6IZCiD9ORfaTHXnCGwUqa6D7TLrm0JUiLE33FpvSWxFW5AAgVfD9X2-KKGA_Y1dw7cM2yq/s1600-h/9.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 246px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaIMERkZa38NML7TsbrNu7CDMwR4IRWmd2y7bBgoj_EvxhCklBj4rQ1F-Lv49B9BOxf4iGAw6IZCiD9ORfaTHXnCGwUqa6D7TLrm0JUiLE33FpvSWxFW5AAgVfD9X2-KKGA_Y1dw7cM2yq/s320/9.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353782891090362546" border="0" /></a><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="Ceramics"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">In addition to their critical temperature, two other parameters define the region where a ceramic material is superconducting:<span style=""> </span>1) the critical current and 2) the critical magnetic field.<span style=""> </span>As long as the conditions are within the critical parameters of temperature, current, and magnetic field, the material behaves as a superconductor.<span style=""> </span>If any of these values is exceeded, superconductivity is destroyed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Applications of superconductors which rely on their current carrying ability include electrical power generation, storage and distribution.<span style=""> </span>SQUIDS (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices) are electronic devices that use superconductors as sensitive detectors of electromagnetic radiation.<span style=""> </span>Possible applications in the field of medicine include the development of advanced MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) units based on magnets made of superconducting coils.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">The magnetic applications of superconductors are also of major importance.<span style=""> </span>Superconductors are perfect <b style="">diamagnets</b>, meaning that they will repel magnetic fields.<span style=""> </span>This exclusion of an applied magnetic field is called the Meissner effect and is the basis for the<span style=""> </span>proposed use of superconductors to magnetically levitate trains.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Some ceramics have the unusual property of piezoelectricity, or pressure electricity.<span style=""> </span>These are part of a class known as "smart" materials which are often used as sensors.<span style=""> </span>In a piezoelectric material, the application of a force or pressure on its surface induces polarization and establishes an electric field, i.e., it changes a mechanical pressure into an electrical impulse.<span style=""> </span>Piezoelectric materials are used to make transducers, which are found in such common devices as phonograph pickups, depth finders, microphones, and various types of sensors.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">In ceramic materials, electric charge can also be transported by ions.<span style=""> </span>This property can be tailored by means of the chemical composition, and is the basis for many commercial applications.<span style=""> </span>These range from chemical sensors to large scale electric power generators.<span style=""> </span>One of the most prominent technologies is that of fuel cells.<span style=""> </span>It is based on the ability of certain ceramics to permit the passage of oxygen anions, while at the same time being electronic insulators.<span style=""> </span>Zirconia (ZrO</span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;font-family:Times;font-size:9;" >2</span><span style="font-family:Times;">), stabilized with calcia (CaO), is an example of such a solid electrolyte.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Fuel cells were first used in spacecraft such as the Apollo capsules and the space shuttle.<span style=""> </span>At night the fuel cells were used to generate electric power, by combusting hydrogen and oxygen from gas cylinders.<span style=""> </span>During the day, solar cells took over, and the excess power was used to purify and reclaim oxygen from exhaust gas and the atmosphere exhaled by the astronauts.<span style=""> </span>The lambda probe in the exhaust manifold of cars works on the same principle and is used to monitor engine efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-41721240639623143702009-07-02T01:34:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:59:23.214-07:00Ceramic Processing:<br /><br /><br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Processing of ceramic materials describes the way in which ceramic objects</font><font face="Times"> (e.g., glass windows, turbocharger rotor blades, optical fibers, capacitors) are produced.</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Processing begins with the raw materials needed to produce the finished components, and includes many individual steps that differ significantly depending on the type of ceramic material, crystalline versus glass.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><font face="Times">Processing of Crystalline Ceramics</font></u></b><b style=""><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><u>Glass Processing</u></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>Raw Material Selection<font style=""> </font>Raw Material Selection</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>Preparation<font style=""> </font>Melting<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>Consolidation<font style=""> </font>Pouring</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><b style="">Sintering</b><font style=""> </font><b style="">Annealing</b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Raw material selection involves obtaining and preparing the right materials for the final product.<font style=""> </font>Traditional ceramics use various forms of clay.<font style=""> </font>Glass makers start with</font><font face="Times"> primarily silica.<font style=""> </font>Advanced ceramics use several different raw materials depending on the applications (i.e., properties needed).<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><b style=""><u>Material</u><font style=""> </font><u>Uses</u><o:p></o:p></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>Al</font><font style="position: relative; top: 2pt;" size="10" face="Times">2</font><font face="Times">O</font><font style="position: relative; top: 2pt;" size="10" face="Times">3</font><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>(aluminum oxide)<font style=""> </font>Spark-plug insulating bodies, substrates for <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>m</font><font face="Times">icroelectronic packaging<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>MgO (magnesium oxide)<font style=""> </font>electrical insulators, refractory brick<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>SiO</font><font style="position: relative; top: 2pt;" size="10" face="Times">2</font><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>(Silicon dioxide)<font style=""> </font>cookware, optical fibers</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>ZrO</font><font style="position: relative; top: 2pt;" size="10" face="Times">2</font><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>(zirconium oxide)<font style=""> </font>cubic zirconia, oxygen sensors<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>SiC<font style=""> </font>(silicon carbide)<font style=""> </font>kiln parts, heating elements, abrasives<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>Si</font><font style="position: relative; top: 2pt;" size="10" face="Times">3</font><font face="Times">N</font><font style="position: relative; top: 2pt;" size="10" face="Times">4</font><font style="position: relative; top: 2pt;" size="9" face="Times"><font style=""> </font></font><font face="Times">(silicon nitride)<font style=""> </font>turbocharger rotors, piston valves</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">For crystalline ceramics, the characteristics of the raw materials (powders) such as their particle size and purity are very important as they affect the structure (e.g., grain size) and properties (e.g., strength) of the final component.<font style=""> </font>Since strength increases with decreasing grain size, most starting powders are milled (or ground) to produce a fine powder (diameter < 1 µm).<font style=""> </font>Since dry powders are difficult to shape, processing additives like water, polymers, etc. are added to improve their plasticity.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Consolidation involves forming the ceramic mixture into the specified shape.<font style=""> </font>There are many techniques available for this step:</font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNzPKx6m_MHWKNBVZ9KZ_clPG4-ZOLOKSoLqg3RB5zmMnzACzVAeeIv_ZS2XD2X4H6UNHgcLvSrOyj7CcSuVY31ymYYzPJpljT1t6fy_ftCQxf5ZnsdOncjpYLEDDGC_NidyhZAmaETNo/s1600-h/8.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 223px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNzPKx6m_MHWKNBVZ9KZ_clPG4-ZOLOKSoLqg3RB5zmMnzACzVAeeIv_ZS2XD2X4H6UNHgcLvSrOyj7CcSuVY31ymYYzPJpljT1t6fy_ftCQxf5ZnsdOncjpYLEDDGC_NidyhZAmaETNo/s320/8.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353779492531703074" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:380.25pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.pcz" title="" croptop="-4301f" cropbottom="-4301f" cropleft="-689f" cropright="-689f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Figure 11:</font></b><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>Ceramic processing aides.</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Sintering is the final step in the process.<font style=""> </font>Sintering at high temperatures (800˚ to 1800˚ C) causes densification that gives the ceramic product its strength and other properties.<font style=""> </font>During this process, the individual ceramic particles coalesce to form a continuous solid network and pores are eliminated.<font style=""> </font>Typically, the </font><font face="Times"><b style="">mictrostructure</b> of the sintered product contains dense grains, where an individual grain is composed of many starting particles.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:404.25pt;height:153.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.pcz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCvO5n2ka1OJ6aMJCk4MR_uXzOpLn-ZR9CR0OEgjx3XAA3Jh29kiw-8vlBG0slTSwA_YBstQ9bZcxZcQpd0TSILRiQQEnu6wUWOesXHljL7uUSiOpzIHmtu6Z_wwoAtwslr5m7NHhvDkw/s1600-h/7.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 126px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCvO5n2ka1OJ6aMJCk4MR_uXzOpLn-ZR9CR0OEgjx3XAA3Jh29kiw-8vlBG0slTSwA_YBstQ9bZcxZcQpd0TSILRiQQEnu6wUWOesXHljL7uUSiOpzIHmtu6Z_wwoAtwslr5m7NHhvDkw/s320/7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353779488110929250" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Figure 12: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Microstructure of raw, formed, and sintered ceramic products<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Glass processing is different from crystalline processing.<span style=""> </span>One of the considerations that must be examined is the solidifying behavior of glass.<span style=""> </span>Glasses are most commonly made by rapidly quenching a melt. This means that the elements making up the glass material are unable to move into positions that allow them to form the crystalline regularity.<span style=""> </span>The result<span style=""> </span>is that the glass structure is disordered or amorphous.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">One of the most notable characteristics of glasses is the way they change between solid and liquid states.<span style=""> </span>Unlike crystals, which transform abruptly at a precise temperature (i.e., their melting point) glasses undergo a gradual transition.<span style=""> </span>Between the melting temperature (T</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Times;">) of a substance and the so-called <b style="">glass transition temperature (T</b></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">g</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">, the substance is considered a <b style="">supercooled</b> liquid.<span style=""> </span>When glass is worked between T</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">g</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>and T</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Times;">,<span style=""> </span>one can achieve virtually any shape.<span style=""> </span>The glass blowing technique is a<span style=""> </span>fascinating demonstration of the incredible ability to deform a glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiLqcRNPvO2QQGyXA7ffUw7YsxHd1D2E_t-_Wp1uPrIMpbX7EmWL_4WkomZwuxBJGEbpsATZ5UmGC9Ckm37f1Zc-88MA_0i7W8tBvVoN5U0o3QD7av5_qxOV7UEOX2YRhDpY5pCjGieYrh/s1600-h/5.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiLqcRNPvO2QQGyXA7ffUw7YsxHd1D2E_t-_Wp1uPrIMpbX7EmWL_4WkomZwuxBJGEbpsATZ5UmGC9Ckm37f1Zc-88MA_0i7W8tBvVoN5U0o3QD7av5_qxOV7UEOX2YRhDpY5pCjGieYrh/s320/5.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353779485016783634" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:441pt;height:201pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.pcz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></font></p><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Figure 13</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><b style="">Specific Volume</b> vs. Temperature graph for a typical ceramic material<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Glass processing does not require an optimum size particle (although smaller pieces melt faster). The selections of glass raw materials and chemical additives (which, for example, can alter the color of the glass) are heated up (700˚ - 1600˚ C), melted and finally poured onto or into a quick-cool form or plate.<span style=""> </span>There are four different forming techniques used to fabricate glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><b style=""><u>Technique</u><span style=""> </span><u>Application<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Pressing<span style=""> </span>Table ware<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Blowing<span style=""> </span>Jars<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Drawing<span style=""> </span>Windows<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Fiber forming<span style=""> </span>Fiber optics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">During the glass formation, there may be stresses that have been introduced by rapid cooling or special treatments that the glass needs (such as layering or strengthening).<span style=""> </span>Additional heat treatment is needed to “heal” the glass.<span style=""> </span>Annealing, in which the glass is heated to the <b style="">annealing point</b> (a temperature just below the <b style="">softening point</b> where the viscosity is approximately 10</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">8</span><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Poise) and then slowly cooled to room temperature, is one such process.<span style=""> </span>Tempering is also a follow-up heat treatment in glass processing in which the glass is reheated and cooled in oil or a jet of air so that the internal and external parts have different properties.<span style=""> </span>The tempering reduces the tendency of glass to fail. Tempered glass can then be used in conditions prone to stresses like car windows.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-3007389006942354352009-07-02T01:24:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:27:41.525-07:00References<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PostalCode"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="Street"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="address"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Baker,W. et al., <u>Synthetic Materials:<span style=""> </span>Applications in Biology/Chemistry</u>, Center for <span style=""> </span>Occupational Research and Development, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Waco</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">TX</st1:state></st1:place> (1993).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Buchanan, R. (editor),<i style="">"Electronic Ceramics,"</i><span style=""> </span><u>Ceramic Bulletin</u>, 63:4 (1984) pp. 567-594.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Callister, W. D., <u>Materials Science and Engineering, an Introduction</u>,<i style=""> </i>John Wiley and <span style=""> </span>Sons, NY (1994).<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">Chandler</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-family: Times;">, M., <u>Ceramics in the Modern World</u>, Double Day & Co. Inc., Garden City, NY<span style=""> </span>(1967).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ellis, A. B. et al.,<u>Teaching General Chemistry: A Materials Science Companion</u>, American <span style=""> </span>Chemical Society, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Washington</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">D.C.</st1:state></st1:place> (1993).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Evans, J. & DeJonghe, L.C,<u>The Production of Inorganic Materials</u>, Macmillan Publishing <span style=""> </span>Company, NY (1991).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Halliday, D. & Resnick, R., <u>Physics</u>, John Wiley and Sons, NY (1978).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Hench, L., <i style="">"Bioceramics: from Concept to Clinic,"</i><span style=""> </span><u>American Ceramic Society Bulletin</u>, <span style=""> </span>72:4 (April 1993) pp. 93-98.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Hlavac, J., <u>Technology of Glass and Ceramics</u>,<span style=""> </span>Elsevier Scientific Press, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city></st1:place> (1983).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Holscher, H. H., <i style="">"Hollow and Specialty Glass:<span style=""> </span>Background and Challenge,"</i><span style=""> </span><u>Owens-</u><span style=""> </span><u>Illinois Bulletin</u>, reprinted from <u>The Glass Industry</u>,<i style=""> </i>Vol. 46, Glass Publishing <span style=""> </span>Co., NY (1965).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Hove, J. E. and Riley,W. C., <u>Modern Ceramics</u>, John Wiley and Sons, NY (1965).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ichinose, Noboru, <u>Introduction to Fine Ceramics</u>, John Wiley and Sons, NY (1987).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">Kendall</span></st1:place><span style="font-family: Times;">, K., <i style="">"Ceramics in Fuel Cells,"</i> <u>Ceramic Bulletin</u>, 70:7 (1991) pp. 1159-1160.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Ketron, L. A., <i style="">"Fiber Optics: The Ultimate Communications Media,"</i> <u>Ceramic Bulletin</u>, <span style=""> </span>66:11 (1987) pp. 1571-1578.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Kingery, W. D., Bowen, H. K., Uhlmann, D. R., <u>Introduction to Ceramics</u>, John Wiley <span style=""> </span>and Sons, NY (1976).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Kingery, W. D., <u>The Changing Roles of Ceramics in Society</u>, American Ceramic Society, <span style=""> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Westerville</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">OH</st1:state></st1:place> (1990).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Korb, L. J., et al., <i style="">"The Shuttle Orbiter Thermal Protection System,"</i><span style=""> </span><u>Bulletin American </u><span style=""> </span><u>Ceramic Society</u>, 60:11 (1981) pp. 1188-1193.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Lewis, J., <i style="">"Superconductivity:<span style=""> </span>Conventional vs. High Tc Superconductors,"</i><span style=""> </span>unpublished <span style=""> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Illinois</st1:placename></st1:place> at Urbana Champaign, MAST workshop.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Mitchell, Lane, <u>Ceramics:<span style=""> </span>Stone Age to Space Age</u>, McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY (1963).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Musicant, Solomon, <u>What Every Engineer Should Know about Ceramics</u>, Marcel Dekker, <span style=""> </span>Inc., NY (1991).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Norton, F. H., <u>Elements of Ceramics</u>, Addison-Wesley, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">MA</st1:state></st1:place> (1952).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Orna, M. V., Schreck, J. O., & Heikkinen, H., <u>ChemSource. Vol. 2</u>, ChemSource, Inc. <span style=""> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">New Rochelle</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">NY</st1:state></st1:place> (1994).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Reed, James., <u>Principles of Ceramic Processing</u>, John Wiley and Sons, NY (1988).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Rhodes, D.,<u>Clay and Glazes for the Potter</u>, Clinton Book Co., <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Radnor</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">PA</st1:state></st1:place> (1974).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Richerson, D. W., <u>Modern Ceramic Engineering</u>, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY (1982).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Scholes, S. R., <u>Modern Glass Practice</u>,<span style=""> </span>Industrial Publications, NY (1952).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Schwartz, M. M. (editor), <u>Engineering Applications of Ceramic Materials</u>, American <span style=""> </span>Society for Metals, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Metals Park</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">OH</st1:state></st1:place> (1985).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Sheppard, L. M., <i style="">"Automotive Performance Accelerates with Ceramics,"</i><span style=""> </span><u>Ceramic</u><span style=""> </span><u>Bulletin</u>, 69:6 (1990) pp. 1011-1021.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Sheppard, L. M., <i style="">"Automotive Sensors Improve Driving Performance,"</i><span style=""> </span><u>Ceramic Bulletin</u>, <span style=""> </span>71:6 (1992) pp. 905-912.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Smith,W. F., <u>Foundations of Material Science and Engineering</u>, McGraw Hill, Inc. <span style=""> </span>(1993).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Tipler, P., <u>Physics</u>, Worth Publishers, Inc. (1982).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Viechnicki, D. J., Slavin, M. J., & Kliman, M. I., <i style="">"Development and Current Status of <span style=""> </span>Armor Ceramics,"</i><span style=""> </span><u>Ceramic Bulletin</u>, 70:6 (1991) pp. 1035-1039.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Vincenzini, P., <u>Fundamentals of Ceramic Engineering</u>, Elsevier Applied Science, NY <span style=""> </span>(1991).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Weast, R. C. (editor), <u>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</u>, CRC Press, Inc. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Boca <span style=""> </span>Raton</st1:place></st1:city>, FL (1985).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Wellock and Deckman, <u>Ceramic Bulletin</u>, Vol. 71, No. 1. (1992).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;">Resources<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">ALCOA : 1-800-643-8771<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">American Ceramic Society <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">735 Ceramic Place</span></st1:address></st1:street><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Times;">Westerville</span></st1:city><span style="font-family: Times;">, <st1:state w:st="on">OH</st1:state> <st1:postalcode w:st="on">43081-8720</st1:postalcode></span></st1:place><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">614-890-4700<o:p></o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-88107513829989501522009-07-02T01:06:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:26:44.367-07:00Materials and Equipment Grid<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Clay<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">AS <o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Beam Forms<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">HIS<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Mass balance<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Grad. Cylinder<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Acid Solution<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Basic Solution<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">pH Indicator<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Kiln<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE and O<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">3 Pt. apparatus<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE and O<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Candle<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Roofing Nails<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">HIS<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Burner<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Borax<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE <o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Nichrome wire<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Soft Glass Tubing<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Glass Cutter<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Pyrex rod or tubing<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">ohmmeter<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE or E<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">2 Alligator clips<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE or H<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Ring stand<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Glass Rod<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Flash Light<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">O<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Rubber Stopper<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">LE<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid double double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">LE = Lab equipment</font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid double none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">O=Other<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">AS=Art supply<font style=""> </font>store</font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none solid double none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">H=Hardware<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">E=Electronic store</font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double double none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><br /><br />Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-71360434078600870872009-07-02T00:43:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:00:22.630-07:00Experiment I part A<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Ready-Beam-Fire</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Clay Labs<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Objective:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">To compare mechanical and thermal properties of fired and unfired beams made from art clay and clay suspensions (slip).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Review of Scientific Principles:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Clay was the first ceramic material used by humans, and it continues to be useful in modern times.<span style=""> </span>Clays used for pottery are composed mainly of hydrated silica (SiO</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">) and alumina (Al</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">O</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">).<span style=""> </span>Small amounts of other minerals (Fe</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">O</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">, MgO, etc.) are typically present.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Clay is somewhat unique in its ability to be plastically formed (shaped) when wet.<span style=""> </span>This plasticity depends on the amount of water, the size and shape of the particles, ionic content, and temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Clay slip is made by mixing clay with water to make a mixture that can be poured into a mold.<span style=""> </span>This method, called <b style="">slip casting</b>, is used to make thin, detailed products.<span style=""> </span>Plaster of Paris is commonly used to make the molds because it is inexpensive, easy to work with, and highly porous (easily absorbing water from the cast slip).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Clay objects must be allowed to dry before firing to eliminate most of the pore water.<span style=""> </span>The remaining pore water is eliminated during the initial stage of firing at around 100˚C.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Firing and sintering change the properties of the object significantly.<span style=""> </span>At about 350˚C the water of hydration is driven off.<span style=""> </span>As the temperature increases into the sintering stage, the porosity changes from an open to closed network; and the object shrinks as porosity is eliminated.<span style=""> </span>This leads to increased density and improved mechanical strength.<span style=""> </span>The fired product is hard, dense, more durable, impermeable to liquids, and brittle.<span style=""> </span>This activity investigates the relationships between mechanical strength, density (porosity), and thermal conductivity of unfired and fired clay objects.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Applications:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The slip casting method is used to make a variety of ceramic objects (e.g., clay-based dishes, kitchen and bath fixtures, as well as silicon nitride (Si</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">N</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: Times;">) turbocharger rotor blades).<span style=""> </span>It is useful for three-dimensional complex objects with uniform wall thicknesses less than two centimeters.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Time</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">This lab takes several days (6) to go from preparation to testing. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part A (make molds):<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>1/2 hour first day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part B (make beams and fire): <span style=""> </span>1/2 hour second day to make a set of beams of each <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>type, 3 days for clay slip to air dry before firing <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Firing time varies<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part C (Test beams):<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Testing four beams requires about 20 minutes for <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>each test<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Materials and Supplies</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: double solid solid double; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Part A<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Part B<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Part C<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Plaster of Paris<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">soft clay<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">3-point test apparatus<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">form (container) for plaster<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">clay slip<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">2 beams (green and fired)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">block form for beam<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">waste bucket<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">candle<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">spoon<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">ruler<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">iron ring<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">waste bucket<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">balance<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">nails (4)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">spoon<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">kiln<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">ring stand<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">knife<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">gas burner<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">All parts:<span style=""> </span>safety glasses and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">apron<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">weights<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">General Safety Guidelines</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>Plaster of Paris, clay, and clay slip are very safe to use.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>Do not wash any of these down the sink!<span style=""> </span>They can solidify and clog the sink.<span style=""> </span>Use<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>a wash/waste bucket that can be dumped outside.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•<span style=""> </span>Be aware of the high temperature of the kiln and the possibility of burns from <span style=""> </span>that source.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Procedure</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">:<br /><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part A:<span style=""> </span>Preparation</span></u><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>Mix Plaster of Paris and water in the specified container, making enough to<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>partially fill the form to a depth of 3-5 cm with a mixture that has the consistency<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>of pudding or yogurt.<span style=""> </span>Smooth out the top surface of the Plaster of Paris mixture <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>by tapping the mixture on the table.<span style=""> </span>Work quickly. You have less than five <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>minutes after adding the water before solidification sets in.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>Push the block form down into the plaster to a depth of about 1 cm.<span style=""> </span>Hold the<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>block in place for a few minutes until the plaster begins to harden.<span style=""> </span>(Note the <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>change in temperature as the plaster hardens.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>After the plaster has set, remove the block form from the mold and let dry <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>overnight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:327.75pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.pcz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvigQeLNzBakIyQC3tjVMccHV7Sog1-WWG3rU591ii8QyXd_ORPVvKGOh-BcfDJlgGRdhxKarssIu9zNFFfvqX27KB2GCrY611So-TKooHEPUnlnvp4LPY-382MmGQ0HR-tlH0j_XFctpj/s1600-h/6.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 104px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvigQeLNzBakIyQC3tjVMccHV7Sog1-WWG3rU591ii8QyXd_ORPVvKGOh-BcfDJlgGRdhxKarssIu9zNFFfvqX27KB2GCrY611So-TKooHEPUnlnvp4LPY-382MmGQ0HR-tlH0j_XFctpj/s320/6.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353765843347110066" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Mold Diagram<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part B: Making Beams</span></u><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>4.<span style=""> </span>From the art clay, make a beam identical in size to the one that will be made in<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>the plaster of paris mold.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>5.<span style=""> </span>Measure the beam‘s mass, length, width, and thickness.<span style=""> </span>Record.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>6.<span style=""> </span>Pour clay slip into the mold to a depth of 1 cm.<span style=""> </span>Let stand until it is hard enough <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>to remove from the mold.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>7.<span style=""> </span>Remove the beam from the mold.<span style=""> </span>Measure its mass, length, width, and<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>thickness.<span style=""> </span>Record.<span style=""> </span>Calculate the beam’s density.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>8.<span style=""> </span>Allow the beams to dry for at least three days before firing.<span style=""> </span>Before the firing is <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>done, measure the mass and dimensions of the beam.<span style=""> </span>Calculate the density of <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>the beam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>will explain how the firing will be done.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part C. Testing Of Beams</span></u><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>10. Before testing, measure the mass and dimensions of each beam.<span style=""> </span>Calculate the <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>10.<span style=""> </span>Before testing, measure the mass and dimensions of each beam.<span style=""> </span>Calculate the <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>density of the beam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>11.<span style=""> </span>To test for the thermal properties of your beam,<span style=""> </span>use a lit candle to drip wax on <span style=""></span><span style=""></span>the beam.<span style=""> </span>Attach four nails equally distributed along the side of the beam.<span style=""> </span>Set<span style=""> </span>the beam on a ring stand. Heat one end of a beam with a gas burner.<span style=""> </span>Time<span style=""> </span>how fast the heat travels down the beam by watching the objects fall when the<span style=""> </span>heat reaches them.<span style=""> </span>Record the times.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>12.<span style=""> </span>To test mechanical properties, place the beam to be tested across the supports.<span style=""> </span>Attach any equipment needed for the testing apparatus.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>13.<span style=""> </span>Attach a container and add mass until the beam gives way.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>14.<span style=""> </span>Measure the added weight .<span style=""> </span>Calculate the force that broke the beam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>15. Clean up as directed by instructor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times;"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all"> </span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Data and Analysis:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: double solid solid double; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Measurement<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Green clay beam <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Fired clay beam<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Green slip beam<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Fired slip beam<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">date formed<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">date fired<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">mass 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">mass 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">mass 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">dimension 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">dimension 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">dimension 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">volume<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">density 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">density 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">density 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">times<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">nail 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">nail 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">nail 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">nail 4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">added mass<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">force applied<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Questions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>What is accomplished by firing that is not accomplished by simple drying?<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>What might happen if the beam were fired before it dried?<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>How is strength different from <b style="">hardness</b>?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>4.<span style=""> </span>Summarize the differences in density, mechanical and thermal properties between <o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>the fired and unfired beams as observed in this lab.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> <br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>5.<span style=""> </span>Palette, the art teacher, fires an assortment of ceramics.<span style=""> </span>What might happen if the <o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>firing temperature was too low?<span style=""> </span>What if it was too high ?</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-77506605884297851002009-07-02T00:42:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:00:22.633-07:00Teacher's Guide to Experiment #1<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PostalCode"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="Street"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="address"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -27pt;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;">Clay Labs</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -27pt;" align="center"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Consult the art teacher or ceramics craft shop for firing times.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><b style="">Materials and Supplies:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•Plaster of Paris may be purchased at<span style=""> </span>some hardware stores.<span style=""> </span>Soft clay (such as is <span style=""> </span>used on a potter's wheel) is available in art supply stores.<span style=""> </span>Do not use the plastic, <span style=""> </span>nonbaking type of clay.<span style=""> </span>Clay slip is available from ceramic craft shops.<span style=""> </span>Both clay <span style=""> </span>and clay slip can be purchased from American Art Clay Co.,<span style=""> </span><st1:address w:st="on"><st1:street w:st="on">4717 W. Sixteenth <span style=""> </span>St.</st1:street>, <st1:city w:st="on">Indianapolis</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">IN</st1:state><span style=""> </span><st1:postalcode w:st="on">46209-2292</st1:postalcode></st1:address>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•It is recommended that lab tables be covered with plastic or newspaper to simplify <span style=""> </span>clean up.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•A three-point apparatus is designed to support the beams at the ends while <span style=""> </span>applying a force in the middle.<span style=""> </span>This apparatus<span style=""> </span>can be a simple as 2 desks to <span style=""> </span>support the beams and a rope loop in the middle on which to hang weights or a <span style=""> </span>bucket to hold weight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•A second class lever system could also be set up.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Procedure:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•This procedure is written for each student group to produce one Plaster of Paris <span style=""> </span>mold, one formed clay beam, and one poured clay slip beam.<span style=""> </span>If done this way, <span style=""> </span>two groups will have to work together in Part C with one set of beams having been <span style=""> </span>fired and the other set left green.<span style=""> </span>It is important that all beams be nearly the same <span style=""> </span>size.<span style=""> </span>If variations are desired, adjust time and quantities of materials used.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">A-1<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>•Plaster of Paris may be mixed in mold form or in a separate container and then <span style=""> </span>poured into the mold.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">A-2<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>•The block could be removed shortly after the Plaster of Paris begins to set, or it <span style=""> </span>could be left in the form until the next day.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•A piece of 2" x 2" or 2" x 4" lumber or 1" x 2" firing strips or a plastic form can be <span style=""> </span>used as a block form.<span style=""> </span>These could be marked with a line at 1 cm to get consistency <span style=""> </span>in depth among the student groups.<span style=""> </span>If other objects are used to press into the <span style=""> </span>plaster, they may need a light coating of oil to prevent them from sticking to the <span style=""> </span>plaster.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">B-4:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>•There are a couple of ways that this can be done.<span style=""> </span>One is to press clay into the <span style=""> </span>mold, smooth, and pull out a beam.<span style=""> </span>You may have to run a knife around the edge <span style=""> </span>to help remove the beam.<span style=""> </span>Or the block form could be used as a template to cut a <span style=""> </span>beam from a slab cut off the stock clay<span style=""> </span>(try to cut off slabs to just the right <span style=""> </span>thickness) or rolled to the right thickness.<span style=""> </span>Test tubes or graduated cylinders make <span style=""> </span>nice rolling pins.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">B-6:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>•This might be about 30 minutes or more.<span style=""> </span>The poured beam could also be left in <span style=""> </span>the mold until the next day . <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">B-7:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>•Students are instructed to find the density<span style=""> </span>through mass and linear<span style=""> </span>measurements <span style=""> </span>of the beams when they are first made, after air drying, and after firing.<span style=""> </span>Additional <span style=""> </span>measurements could be added to get a more detailed picture of the changes that <span style=""> </span>occur during these processes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">B-9:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>•If a large ceramic kiln is used, it may take 20 minutes to load the class items into <span style=""> </span>the kiln and several hours to bring the kiln up to temperature and then overnight for <span style=""> </span>it to cool back down.<span style=""> </span>If a small enameling kiln is used, the process may take only <span style=""> </span>an hour or so.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•It helps if the beams are prewarmed and dried at about 200</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">o</span><span style="font-family: Times;">F in a regular oven for <span style=""> </span>2 to 4 hours before firing.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•The beams to be fired are to be dried, either for several days in a warm dry place or <span style=""> </span>several hours in a drying oven at 100</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">o</span><span style="font-family: Times;">C.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•Put the object in a kiln and the raise the temperature slowly until the maximum <span style=""> </span>temperature called for is reached and held for several hours.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•Turn the kiln off and allow it to cool before opening.<span style=""> </span>If a ceramic kiln is not <span style=""> </span>available,<span style=""> </span>it is possible to use an electric hot plate with an 8 inch clay flowerpot <span style=""> </span>lined with aluminum foil and inverted on the plate.<span style=""> </span>This small kiln will give a <span style=""> </span>temperature around 1300</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;">o</span><span style="font-family: Times;">F.<span style=""> </span>This really works! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">C-12:<span style=""> </span>•If the 2nd class lever system is being used, then measure the basic down force by <span style=""> </span>hooking a spring balance to the end of the lever arm.<span style=""> </span>If a bucket on a rope is being <span style=""> </span>used, make sure they are the same for each test group or record the different<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>masses.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">C-14: • If a second class lever was used, add the basic force of the lever arm and this is <span style=""> </span>your effort force.<span style=""> </span>Multiple this force by the IMA (Ideal Mechanical Advantage) of <span style=""> </span>the machine. You will have the force that was needed to break the beam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>•You may want to do a 3-point test or thermal lab on other materials like glass <span style=""> </span>(Pyrex), plastic, and metals for a materials comparison.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Answers to Questions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times;">1.<span style=""> </span>Firing fuses the particles together.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times;">2.<span style=""> </span>The water that was still in the pores might cause the beam to break.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times;">3.<span style=""> </span>Strength is the ability to resist deformation, hardness is the ability to resist<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>abrasion.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">4.<span style=""> </span>Answers will vary.<span style=""> </span>Basically unfired beams are more dense, less thermally<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>conductive, and weaker than fired beams.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">5.<span style=""> </span>Too Low - objects would crumble.<span style=""> </span>Too high - objects would be melted down<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>like glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-2037981023473410182009-07-02T00:40:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:00:22.637-07:00Experiment 2 (Demonstration) Flocculation<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 3.0in right 6.0in; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:0in; mso-footer-margin:40.5pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">In School Suspensions</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Flocculation in ceramics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Objective: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The objective of this demonstration is to show the effect the pH on the flocculation of suspensions. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Review of Scientific Principles:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The process of forming a ceramic object usually involves filling a form (mold) with a ceramic suspension (such as clay).<span style=""> </span>The suspension will gradually settle out due to gravity.<span style=""> </span>It is important in ceramic processing to have the particles settle out individually to achieve the closest packing of the particles because the strength of a ceramic is partially determined by its density. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">The rate of settling depends on the size of the particle (big particles or particle clusters settle faster) and the charge that may be on the particles in solution.<span style=""> </span>The charge on each particle may repel the other particles and keep the material in suspension, or it may cause the particles to be attracted to each other and form clusters (or Flocs) which settle faster. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">By adjusting the pH of the solution, ceramic processors can control the degree of flocculation (settling out) of the ceramic particles and thus control the properties of the product.<span style=""> </span>The chemicals that control flocculation are called deflocculating agents.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">This demonstration shows the effect of pH on the flocculation of a clay suspension.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Applications:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Understanding how chemistry influences suspension structure is important in numerous fields, such as ceramics, paint industry, even food products.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Time:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Fifteen minutes to set up and run.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Materials and Supplies: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Slip<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>distilled water<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>acidic, neutral and basic solutions <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>100 ml. graduated cylinders (3)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">General Safety Guidelines:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•The acidic and basic solutions are corrosive and should be handled with care.<span style=""> </span>Use <span style=""> </span>a dump bucket for ceramic materials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Procedure:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>Measure out the slip to equal a 10% volume of the graduated cylinder. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>Fill each graduated cylinder with a different pH solution.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>Shake well.<span style=""> </span>Take measurements of volume of settled material over a period of <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>time.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-27051429817261709932009-07-02T00:33:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:00:22.642-07:00Experiment 3<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Wow you can see right through me!!!</font></b><b style=""><font style="" size="13" face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font style="" size="13" face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">Glass Labs<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times">Objectives:</font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><font face="Times">The objectives of this lab are to form a low temperature glass, work with glass blowing and explore the conductive nature of glass.</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Review of Scientific Principles:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Glasses are amorphous ceramic materials. The amorphous (or glassy) state of matter occurs when a substance has not been given sufficient time to crystallize. Glasses are most commonly made by rapidly quenching a melt. This means that the atoms making up the glass material are unable to move into positions which allow them to form the crystalline regularity.<span style=""> </span>This may be attributed to the fact that<span style=""> </span>each atom is strongly bonded to adjacent atoms while in the liquid state, and that the crystalline structures are very complex. The end result of all these factors is that the<span style=""> </span>glass structure is disordered and therefore amorphous.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">One of the most notable characteristics of glasses is the way they change between solid and liquid states.<span style=""> </span>Unlike crystals, which transform abruptly at a precise temperature (i.e., their melting point) glasses undergo a gradual transition.<span style=""> </span>Between the melting temperature (T</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Times;">) of a substance and the so-called glass transition temperature (T</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">g</span><span style="font-family: Times;">), the substance is considered a supercooled liquid.<span style=""> </span>When glass is worked between T</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">g </span><span style="font-family: Times;">and T</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">m</span><span style="font-family: Times;">, one can achieve virtually any shape.<span style=""> </span>The glass blowing technique is a<span style=""> </span>fascinating demonstration of the incredible ability of glass to deform.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMHhGgzYYazKWGdwl2aCcrqkLpneb6BVpwpIqrGJniFG-Tp6gHym6QCAApsN-i8hbuptAe9ScYa5Xdz0uTgWcLl7Di23qYt478pL6Q_qeAg5ysD8FitbiBroGaOajjvobMe7DCGUW_rCHT/s1600-h/5.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMHhGgzYYazKWGdwl2aCcrqkLpneb6BVpwpIqrGJniFG-Tp6gHym6QCAApsN-i8hbuptAe9ScYa5Xdz0uTgWcLl7Di23qYt478pL6Q_qeAg5ysD8FitbiBroGaOajjvobMe7DCGUW_rCHT/s320/5.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353763326789647362" border="0"></a></p><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">A chief advantage of the glass forming process is that the item remains one single piece with continuous molecular structure and without internal surfaces.<span style=""> </span>That is why optical fibers are drawn from glass.<span style=""> </span>No scattering of light at grain boundaries occurs.<span style=""> </span>Certain glasses have non-linear optical properties that can be used for optical switches making the development of optical computers more likely. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Properly doped with polyvalent transition metals, glasses become semiconducting.<span style=""> </span>But, their semiconducting properties can be altered by electrical fields, making these glasses suitable for information storage devices.<span style=""> </span>Glasses of this kind are used for the coatings on the printing drums in laser printers or Xerox copiers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Some glasses exhibit very high ionic conductivity, which makes them useful as electrolytes in batteries or sensors.<span style=""> </span>One commercial example can be found in every chemistry laboratory, the pH meter.<span style=""> </span>While crystalline ceramics, for the most part, have well defined chemical compositions,<span style=""> </span>the compositions of glasses can be widely varied. Glass is made out of silica which has a very high melting point.<span style=""> </span>In the attempt to lower the melting temperature, soda ash (a mixture of Na</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">O, sodium oxide, and Na</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">CO</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Times;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times;"> sodium carbonate), and limestone (CaCO</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: Times;">) are added as fluxes.<span style=""> </span>Other glass fluxes might include lead oxides or lead carbonates (leaded glass or flint glass) or borax/borax oxides (borosilicate glass).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">Borax is a naturally occurring mineral that is chemically hydrated sodium borate or Na</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">B</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: Times;">O</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">7</span><span style="font-family: Times; position: relative; top: -3pt;"><span style=""> </span>. </span><span style="font-family: Times;">10 H</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: Times;">O.<span style=""> </span>The material is a white powder that is sold in super markets as a laundry aid.<span style=""> </span>Borax is also used as a flux in working some metals because it coats and cleans the metal and allows soldering to take place.<span style=""> </span>When Borax is heated, the water of hydration is driven off and the sodium, boron and oxygen form a non-crystalline glass.<span style=""> </span>This glass is clear but will take a color from the various metal oxides such as cobalt or nickel.<span style=""> </span>Thus the Borax beads can be used to identify some metal ions as well as demonstrate materials used to make colored glass.<span style=""> </span>Borax Glass is also unstable in that it tends to absorb moisture from the air and revert back to a cloudy hydrated material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;">This activity demonstrates the formation<span style=""> </span>of a borax-based glass, the technique of glass blowing, and the electrical conduction properties of glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Time: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part A:<span style=""> </span>20- 50 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part B:<span style=""> </span>40 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part C:<span style=""> </span>30 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Materials and Supplies:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part A:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>3 inch piece of<span style=""> </span>nichrome wire<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>a small quantity of borax (0.5g) {sodium tetraborate}<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Gas burner<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part B:<b style=""> <span style=""> </span></b>lime or lead glass tubing (7 to 10 mm in diameter about 20 to 25 cm long)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>2-3 cm rubber tube to fit glass tubing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>gas burner<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>glass file<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Part C: <span style=""> </span>piece of lime glass rod or tubing<span style=""> </span>(5 to 10 mm<span style=""> </span>diameter )<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>piece of Pyrex (5-10 mm diameter)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>ohmmeter<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2 alligator clips<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>hook up wire<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>candle<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>ring stand<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>iron ring <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>gas burner<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">General Safety Guidelines:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>•</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> Nichrome is not a good conductor so you can hold one end of a 3 inch wire but <span style=""> </span><span style=""></span><span style=""></span><span style=""></span>remember, the other end is at 500 - 700˚ C .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Remember, you will be using a gas burner.<span style=""> </span>Perform this lab using all fire<span style=""> </span><span style=""></span>cautions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• Hot glass and cold glass look the same.<span style=""> </span>Be careful to check for hot glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• The glass bead will drip off if too large and it will be hot.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>• The cool glass could break from the wire with very sharp edges.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Procedure<span style="text-transform: uppercase;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part A:<span style=""> </span>Borax Glass <o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>Obtain the nichrome wire and make a loop with a diameter of about 0.5 cm at <span style=""> </span><span style=""></span><span style=""></span>one end.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>Heat the loop over the Bunsen burner until the wire is red hot.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>Dip the hot loop into the Borax powder.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>4.<span style=""> </span>Hold the loop with the powder stuck to it in the flame until the Borax becomes a <span style=""> </span>clear, glassy drop. (Approximate time will vary depending on the temperature <span style=""></span><span style=""></span>of the flame and the amount of Borax on the wire.). Add extra Borax if <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>necessary by redipping the wire into the Borax.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>5.<span style=""> </span>With the Borax glass still in the wire, allow it to cool.<span style=""> </span>After it has cooled, <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>examine it.<span style=""> </span><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>6. Check the solubility of your “glass” by leaving it, still in the wire, in some water<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>overnight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part B:<span style=""> </span>Glass Blowing<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Bud Vase Procedure:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1. Preheat the glass tubing end by passing it back and forth in the flame.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2. Heat the end until it melts closed. Keep rotating the tube for even heating and to <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>keep the glass from drooping.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3. When the end is very hot and completely closed, blow gently into the tube, <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>watching the end at all times.<span style=""> </span>When the bubble is about three times the diameter <span style=""> </span>of the tubing, stop blowing.<span style=""> </span>Cool the tube with the bubble.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>4. When cool, cut the tubing about 2 inches from the bubble and fire polish the open end.<span style=""> </span>Do not melt close. Allow the object to cool.*<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">*You now have a bud vase that will hold one rose bud or some other special flower from a special date.<span style=""> </span>Some ribbon and a hot glue gun will dress it up.<span style=""> </span>Have Fun but Play Safe.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part C:<span style=""> </span>Electrical Conductivity<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>Using the smoking flame from a candle, deposit two rings of carbon around a<span style=""> </span>cool glass rod<span style=""> </span>The rings should be about three centimeters apart.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>Clamp an alligator clip to each of the carbon rings.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>Attach the other end of the leads from the alligator clip to the ohmmeter<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>4.<span style=""> </span>Clamp the glass rod so that it can be heated.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>5.<span style=""> </span>Heat the glass rod and record the electrical resistance every ten seconds.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>6.<span style=""> </span>Continue to heat until the glass softens, continue to record resistance<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>7.<span style=""> </span>On a sheet of graph paper, plot resistance on the vertical axis and time on the <span style=""></span>horizontal axis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Data and Analysis:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: double solid solid double; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 2.25pt 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-family: Times;">TIME<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 2.25pt 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Start<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">10 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">20 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">30 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">40 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">50 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">60 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">70 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">80 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">90 Seconds<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 2.25pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Questions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part A:</span></u><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>How is this glass like window glass?<span style=""> </span>How is it different?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2. You are commissioned to make a mosaic picture of a rainbow using borax glass.<span style=""> </span><span style=""></span>What metal ions would you use for the colors?<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part B:</span></u><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>Why do professional glass blowers like Pyrex glass?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>Why does glass just get soft and not<span style=""> </span>melt suddenly and become a liquid?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: Times;">Part C:</span></u><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1. Why do different types of glass show different degrees of electrical conductivity?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>If glass will conduct electricity under certain conditions, do you think it might <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>conduct at room temperature if the voltage is high enough?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>Do you think the distance between the alligator clips on the glass rod has any <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>effect on the resistance? Why or why not? <b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>4.<span style=""> </span>What does this experiment tell you about the need to control temperatures in <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>electronic devices like computers?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <font style="" size="12" face="Times"></font>Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-18732717281214660562009-07-02T00:26:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:00:22.646-07:00Teacher's Guide to Experiment #3<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><font style="font-weight: bold;" size="4" face="Times">Glass Labs</font><b style=""><font style="" size="14" face="Times"><br /></font></b><b style=""><font face="Times">Materials:</font></b><font face="Times"> <o:p></o:p></font> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>•Borax obtained from grocery stores may not work for this l</font><font face="Times">ab as some contain <font style=""> </font>detergents or soaps).<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">General Safety Guidelines:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font></font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>•Use a wire that is a poor conductor of heat and nonreactive at elevated <font style=""> </font>temperatures.<b style=""><font style=""> </font></b>Handles could be added to the nichrome wire.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Procedure:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">A-6:<font style=""> </font>•If the “glass“ comes out clear enough, you may su</font><font face="Times">ggest that they try to use them <font style=""> </font>like a magnifying glass.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>•If you want to, have them try a Borax Bead Test, either new wires will have to be <font style=""> </font>handed out or have them make a new loop on the other end of the wire.}<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Extension to Part B:</font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">This is a procedure for making a glass swan.<font style=""> </font>With lots of patience and practice, you or your students might want to try this.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Swan Procedure:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>1.<font style=""> </font>Place rubber tubing on one end of the glass tubing.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>2.<font style=""> </font>Light and adjust burner for a hot flame.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>3.<font style=""> </font>Preheat the center of the glass tube and then heat strongly while rotating the <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>tube.<font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>4.<font style=""> </font>As the glass softens, gently push the tubing together just a little.<font style=""> </font>(This allows <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>extra glass for a strong bubble.)<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>5.<font style=""> </font>Pinch the rubber tube and blow into the glass end<font style=""> </font>until there is a bubble <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>about twice the size of the tubing diameter.</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>6.<font style=""> </font>While the glass is still hot, make the bubble shape not round by pushing both <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>ends of the tubing at an angle, about 140 degrees relative to each other.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>7.<font style=""> </font>Heat either tube near the bubble (body), when soft push the tube back over the <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>bubble (body) to make the neck of the swan.<font style=""> </font>DO NOT HEAT THE BUBBLE <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>(BODY).<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>8.<font style=""> </font>Leave a section of the tube, a centimeter or so, at the end of the neck to form the <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>head and heat the tube at this point.<font style=""> </font>(This will make the beak.)</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>9.<font style=""> </font>When the glass is soft pull it and melt it off.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>10.<font style=""> </font>Gently heat the bottom of the bubble (body) with the side of the flame.<font style=""> </font>(This <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>part of the bubble will then become flat.)<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>11.<font style=""> </font>Holding the glass by the beak and the other end of the tube, preheat the tail <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>area.<font style=""> </font>(The tube opposite from the beak.)<font style=""> </font>DO NOT HEAT THE BUBBLE <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>(BODY).<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>12.<font style=""> </font>When the glass is soft, pull upward and gently twist to form the tail.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>13.<font style=""> </font>Melt off excess glass tube and allow to cool.</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>14.<font style=""> </font>HOW DO YOU MAKE A GOOD ONE ?<font style=""> </font>THE<font style=""> </font>SAME WAY YOU GET TO <font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>CARNEGIE HALL ....<font style=""> </font>PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Part C Suggestions: <o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font></font></b><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>•You might have to seal a piece of Nichrome wire into each end of a 3 cm piece of <font style=""> </font>glass tubing and use this.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>•You may want different teams to try different materials such as Pyrex glass, lime <font style=""> </font>glass, leaded glass and or different diameters of the same material.<font style=""> </font>How about <font style=""> </font>other ceramic materials? <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>•You may also want them to continue recording every 10 seconds while the glass <font style=""> </font>cools and include that data in their graph.</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>•Electrical resistance should go from more than 20 megaohms at room temperature <font style=""> </font>down to less than one megaohm at 700˚ C.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Sample Data and Analysis:<font style=""> </font>Pyrex Tube</font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="windowtext" style="border-style: double solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><b style=""><font face="Times">Time</font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: double double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Electrical Resistance</font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>Start<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">20<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">10 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">15.72 MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">20 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">7.23<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">30 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">4.05<font style=""> </font></font><font face="Times">MΩ</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">40 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">2.30<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">50 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">1.07<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">60 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">0.54<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">70 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">0.073 MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">heat removed<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">80 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">0.23<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">90 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">0.95<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">100 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">1.85<font style=""> </font>MΩ</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">110 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">3.17<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">120 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">8.22<font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid solid double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">130 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double solid none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">14.78 MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" style="border-style: none solid double double; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">140 seconds<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="border-style: none double double none; padding: 0in 4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><font face="Times">20+<font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>MΩ<o:p></o:p></font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><br /></font></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><br /></font></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Sample Graph:</font></b><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:327pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.pcz" title="" croptop="-7925f" cropbottom="-7925f" cropleft="-7214f" cropright="-7214f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ64ZrfmjISbnqcWcUXm6JE_IelLP_KOWUUr5T_fza685N1XpPHC0mTRtfzI-Lr3WGLD8LN4H4SaIe4pjATK4ZDPwdUKgL0-EVuJMS8TiXLdyv_lW-jvfDHe3EsQ3VEJpcNmjp2oaJa5jP/s1600-h/4.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 210px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ64ZrfmjISbnqcWcUXm6JE_IelLP_KOWUUr5T_fza685N1XpPHC0mTRtfzI-Lr3WGLD8LN4H4SaIe4pjATK4ZDPwdUKgL0-EVuJMS8TiXLdyv_lW-jvfDHe3EsQ3VEJpcNmjp2oaJa5jP/s320/4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353761633651305170" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times">Answers:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><font face="Times">Part A:</font></u><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>1.<font style=""> </font>The glass is transparent and hard but not stable.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>2.<font style=""> </font>Answers will vary. Consult CRC Borax Bead Tests Table. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><font face="Times">Part B:</font></u><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>1.<font style=""> </font>Pyrex is tough and is heat resistant.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>2.<font style=""> </font>Glass is a mixture and does not exhibit long rang crystal structure.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><font face="Times">Part C:</font></u><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>1.<font style=""> </font>Different amounts and types of ionic and covalent bonds effect the degree of <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>electrical conductivity.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>2.<font style=""> </font>Yes, at high voltages glass will conduct.<font style=""> </font>A Tesla coil will show this or some <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>adult toy like the plasma storm ball sold by stores.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>3.<font style=""> </font>Yes.<font style=""> </font>It is analogous to resistance in wire.<font style=""> </font>Resistance is directly proportional to <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>the length and inversely proportional to the diameter.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>4.<font style=""> </font>Electronic devices need to be kept within their designated temperature range to <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>operate as expected.<o:p></o:p></font></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-36212818121042998412009-07-02T00:23:00.000-07:002009-07-02T01:00:22.649-07:00Experiment 4 (Demonstration) Electrical ResistanceHow many teachers does it take to break a light bulb?<br /><br />Electrical Resistance in a Glass Bulb<br /><br />Materials and Supplies:<br /><br /> six volt flashlight bulb<br /> ceramic base for light<br /> ohmmeter<br /> 2 alligator clips with wires<br /> gas burner<br /><br />Procedure:<br /> <br /> 1. Screw the 6 volt light bulb into a miniature ceramic light socket.<br /> <br /> 2. Break away the glass surrounding the filament.<br /><br /> 3. Cut the filament that connects the two electrodes in the bulb.<br /><br /> 4. Carefully remove the filament and do not damage the small glass bead that<br /> connects both electrodes just below the filament.<br /><br /> 5. Hook the ohmmeter to the contacts on the base of the ceramic light socket.<br /><br /> 6. Gently heat the glass bead while recording the resistance.<br /><br /> 7. Record the resistance and time at 10 second intervals (if possible).<br />Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-3731832695352329392009-07-02T00:07:00.000-07:002009-07-02T00:21:48.033-07:00Experiment 5<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><b style=""><font face="Times">Light at the End of the Tunnel</font></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">An Introduction to the Study of Fiber Optics</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font style="" size="14" face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times">Objective:</font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">The objective of this experiment is to show that, because of internal reflection, light will travel down a glass tube.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times">Review of Scientific Principles:</font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Being a noncrystalline material, glass does not have grain bounda</font><font face="Times">ries to interfere with the passage of photons (light bundles).<font style=""> </font>As long as the light waves hit the inside walls at less that the critical angle (the minimum angle that will allow light to be transmitted into the glass), most of the light will reflect off the side walls and continue through the tube.</font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XArvawe8azP_WBKGm-NvLlgdBfs_PSbcgA06QVB9IM7u21hd856MSoXozZ7TInAYJIvtxuFZkE4ojnPsNclFk80e4krM3cB4QuHSMZ4q8mPuEzBqabUeOk00BwdhAhq2w7vSge7Go3-y/s1600-h/2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 226px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XArvawe8azP_WBKGm-NvLlgdBfs_PSbcgA06QVB9IM7u21hd856MSoXozZ7TInAYJIvtxuFZkE4ojnPsNclFk80e4krM3cB4QuHSMZ4q8mPuEzBqabUeOk00BwdhAhq2w7vSge7Go3-y/s320/2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353756525233217410" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:429pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.pcz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">The rods in a fiber optic system use a core inside a clad design.<font style=""> </font>The core is made of a high purity glass with a larger refractive index than the outer layer.<font style=""> </font>(A refractive index is a measure of the amount that light bends going into or out of a material.)<font style=""> </font>The greater the difference in the refractive indices, the more light is reflected within the inner tube.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:318pt;height:99.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.pcz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFQuCFtd37r-iCqK4ojKH6CGGjwAf9AhoYuetq6yaExDrHT1LOTWO-us_SUU7IFgLP4a0bZsXWpRd1LExOyMRAE6vT-LqYkfPhRCIA69dJxCHGMCOYmKkLrcgpO1alJjdtEKXJP79vXM_F/s1600-h/1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 100px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFQuCFtd37r-iCqK4ojKH6CGGjwAf9AhoYuetq6yaExDrHT1LOTWO-us_SUU7IFgLP4a0bZsXWpRd1LExOyMRAE6vT-LqYkfPhRCIA69dJxCHGMCOYmKkLrcgpO1alJjdtEKXJP79vXM_F/s320/1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353756523259676226" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Most fiber optic systems use a laser as the light source due to its coherency<font style=""> </font>and the fact that it can be controlled with high frequency pulses.<font style=""> </font>The light pulses sent from one end of the fiber optic cable, are received and decoded at the other end to obtain the original information.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times">Applications:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times">Much of the data sent over today’s communication networks is being carried by light pulses moving through fiber optics.</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Time:</font></b><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>20 minutes<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Materials and Supplies:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>glass rod ( 5 mm +/- diameter; 15-20 cm long)<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>gas burner<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>small penlight flashlight<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>one hole rubber stopper to fit flashlight<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">General Safety Guidelines:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font><font style=""> </font>• Be aware of the fire and hot glass. </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>• Be extra careful when preforming the glass insertion. <o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Procedure:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>1.<font style=""> </font>Light burner and preheat the center of the glass rod until it gets soft.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>2.<font style=""> </font>Slowly<font style=""> </font>bend the rod so that no bend has a radius of less than 2 cm.<font style=""> </font>Make a </font><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times">continuous glass bend of your choosing.<font style=""> </font>Avoid making sharp corners during bending.<font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><font face="Times"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:143.25pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" althref="file:///C:\Users\mario\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.pcz" title="" croptop="-5371f" cropbottom="-5371f" cropleft="-4812f" cropright="-4812f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></font><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGPK6ricImI4615wL_OnLAYc2KP_UkEOIwwiCFrr73AenwRq3KvYVsMizS4Z3Br7eft8STMmLKkwDwdiGlhO6eezjHUAErBDbKLej8cQugthfRE3yQ4q2NYkEyfqVQcFTPnKUJxjhv3dhV/s1600-h/3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 190px; height: 164px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGPK6ricImI4615wL_OnLAYc2KP_UkEOIwwiCFrr73AenwRq3KvYVsMizS4Z3Br7eft8STMmLKkwDwdiGlhO6eezjHUAErBDbKLej8cQugthfRE3yQ4q2NYkEyfqVQcFTPnKUJxjhv3dhV/s320/3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353758391702977554" border="0"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>3.<font style=""> </font>Cool.<font style=""> </font>Carefully insert one end of your rod into a one-holed rubber stopper.<font style=""> </font>Put <font style=""></font><font style=""></font>the stopper on the end of the flashlight.<font style=""> </font><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>4.<font style=""> </font>Turn on the flashlight and observe the amount of light coming through the rod <font style=""> </font><font style=""></font>and the amount of light leaking out along the rod.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>5.<font style=""> </font>If time permits, try different radii in the curves.<font style=""> </font>If you have access to a laser,<font style=""></font><font style=""> </font>try it in the tube as well.<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times">Questions:<o:p></o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><o:p> </o:p></font></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font></font></b><font face="Times">1.<font style=""> </font>What did you observe from shining the flashlight through the tubing?<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>2.<font style=""> </font>What advantage does a laser have in this experiment over a flashlight?<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><font style=""> </font>3.<font style=""> </font>Why was it necessary to form bends with at least a 2 cm radius?<o:p></o:p></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times"><o:p></o:p></font></p> <p></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-91748696157270426762009-07-02T00:05:00.000-07:002009-07-02T00:21:48.038-07:00Teacher's Guide to Experiment # 5<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;">Light Lab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Suggestion:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">You might want to conduct the tests in a darkened room.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Answers to Questions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>Students should report most of the light exiting the other end of the tube.<span style=""> </span>Only a<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>small fraction of the light will come out the sides of the tube.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>The laser light can be aimed along a straight line down the tube.<span style=""> </span>The light from <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>the flashlight will spread out and some will exceed the critical angle and escape <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>out the side of the tube.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>At smaller radii, the light will strike the walls of the tube at angles greater than <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>the critical angle.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-6973053173513926812009-07-02T00:04:00.000-07:002009-07-02T00:21:48.041-07:00Ceramics Module Quiz<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">Short answer.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">1.<span style=""> </span>What made ceramics the first technology?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2.<span style=""> </span>What are the two general classes of ceramics and how are they different?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">3.<span style=""> </span>What advantages and disadvantages do ceramics have over other materials?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">4.<span style=""> </span>What general properties do ionic materials have?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">5.<span style=""> </span>What general properties do covalent materials have?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">6.<span style=""> </span>What general properties do ceramic materials have?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">7.<span style=""> </span>Why are ceramics brittle and most metals not?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">8.<span style=""> </span>Why is glass transparent but a brick is not?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">9.<span style=""> </span>What causes thermal expansion in materials, and why do ceramic materials have small <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>coefficients of expansion?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">10.<span style=""> </span>List the parts of your body that are ceramic materials.<span style=""> </span>How do you know that they <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>are?<o:p></o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-45818825093246533142009-07-02T00:02:00.000-07:002009-07-02T00:21:48.044-07:00Ceramics Module Quiz Answers<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">1.<span style=""> </span>Natural materials were available and so was fire.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">2.<span style=""> </span>Crystalline - regular structure and Noncrystalline (amorphous)-irregular structure.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>or Traditional-clay, cement & glass and Advanced-newer high strength, high <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>temperature materials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">3.<span style=""> </span>Advantages: hard, temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, inexpensive.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Disadvantages: brittle and hard to machine.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">4.<span style=""> </span>Ionic - tend to have high melting points & nondirectional<span style=""> </span>strong bonds.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">5.<span style=""> </span>Covalent - tend to have lower melting points and weak bonds.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">6.<span style=""> </span>Ceramics have high melting points, tend to be brittle and have both ionic and covalent<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>bonds.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">7.<span style=""> </span>In ceramic materials, the atoms are not free to move under stress as they are in metals.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">8.<span style=""> </span>In glass, the lower energy bonding orbitals (valence band) and the higher energy <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>antibonding orbitals (conduction band) are different enough so that visible light is not <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>absorbed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">9.<span style=""> </span>As the temperature increases, the vibrational amplitude increases for atoms in a material <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>which drives that atoms apart.<span style=""> </span>In ceramics the bonds are stronger between atoms which <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>counteracts the tendency to expand.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times;">10.<span style=""> </span>Bones and teeth - hard, brittle and temperature resistant.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3643982669967894823.post-13952427744383598102009-07-02T00:01:00.000-07:002009-07-02T00:21:48.048-07:00GLOSSARY<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cmario%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"New York"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 6 5 6 2 3 4; mso-font-alt:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536855825 -1073711039 9 0 511 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"New York"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Abrasive:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">A hard material used to grind, cut or wear.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Absorption:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">The inclusion of the energy of a photon within a substance.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Amorphous: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>A noncrystalline substance, atoms lack long range order.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Annealing: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Heat treatment to alter properties.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Annealing</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">point</b> <b style="">(glass):</b><span style=""> </span>Temperature at which stresses are removed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Atomic</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">vibration:</b><span style=""> </span>Movement of an atom within a substance.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Band</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">gap</b> <b style="">energy: </b><span style=""> </span>Energy difference between the valence and conduction bands.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Brittle</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">fracture: </b><span style=""> </span>A break that occurs by rapid crack propagation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Capacitance (C):</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Charge storing capability.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Cement:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>A material that binds particles together in a mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Ceramic:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>A compound of metallic and nonmetallic elements.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Color: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Wavelengths of light perceived by the eye.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Component:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>A part, or device.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Conduction</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">band:</b><span style=""> </span>Carries the excited conduction electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Conductivity:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>The ability to carry an electric current (electricity) or thermal energy <span style=""> </span>(heat).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Covalent</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">bond:</b><span style=""> </span>Bonding by sharing electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Crystalline:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>A solid with a repeating three-dimensional unit cell.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Crystal</span></b></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">structure:</b><span style=""> </span>The orderly arrangement of the atoms or ions within a crystal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Diamagnetism:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Weakly repelled from a magnetic field.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Dielectric:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>An insulator.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Dielectric</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">constant:</b><span style=""> </span>Relative electrical permittivity of a material as compared to a perfect <span style=""> </span>vacuum.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Dielectric</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">(breakdown)</b> <b style="">strength:</b><span style=""> </span>The amount of electricity needed to start an electric <span style=""> </span>current flow in a dielectric material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Ductile</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">fracture:</b><span style=""> </span>Break accompanied by large plastic deformation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Elastic</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">deformation: </b><span style=""> </span>Change in shape that returns when a stress is removed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Elastic Modulus:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Ratio of stress to strain in elastic deformation, measure of elasticity.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Electric</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">field:</b><span style=""> </span>The gradient of voltage.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Electronegativity:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>The attraction of an atom for shared electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Electron</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">volt</b> <b style="">(eV):</b><span style=""> </span>Unit of energy equivalent to the energy gained by an electron when <span style=""> </span>it falls through an electric potential of one volt.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Excited</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">state:</b><span style=""> </span>An energy state to which an electron may move by the absorption of <span style=""> </span>energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Fiber Optics:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>The technology of transferring information as light pulses through long <span style=""> </span>thin fibers, usually made of glass.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Firing:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>High temperature processing to increase densification in a product.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Fluorescence:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Light that is emitted a short period of time after an electron has been <span style=""> </span>excited.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Fracture</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">toughness (K</b></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">c</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">):</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Measure of a material's resistance to crack propagation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Glass:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">An amorphous solid showing characteristic specific volume behavior over a <span style=""> </span>certain temperature range.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Glass</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">-</b> <b style="">ceramic:</b><span style=""> </span>Crystalline ceramic material that was formed by heat treating glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Glass</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">transition</b> <b style="">temperature</b> <b style="">(T</b></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Times; position: relative; top: 2pt;">g</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">):</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Temperature at which a glass changes from a <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>supercooled liquid into a solid.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Grain:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Individual crystal in a <b style="">polycrystalline</b> material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Grain</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">boundary:</b><span style=""> </span>The boundary between grains (or crystals) that are misoriented with <span style=""> </span>respect to one another. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Green</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">ceramic</b> <b style="">body:</b><span style=""> </span>Ceramic object that is dried but not fired.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Ground</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">state: </b><span style=""> </span>Lowest electron energy state.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Hardness:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Resistance to deformation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Heat</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">capacity:</b><span style=""> </span>Heat required to produce a unit increase in temperature per quantity of <span style=""> </span>material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Imperfection: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Flaw, any deviation from perfection, as in a crystal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Index</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">of</b> <b style="">refraction:</b><span style=""> </span>Ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a <span style=""> </span>medium.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Insulator:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Material that does not conduct electricity (electrical) or heat (thermal).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Ionic</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">bond:</b><span style=""> </span>Electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Laser:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Source of coherent light (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of <span style=""> </span>Radiation).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Lattice:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>The regular arrangement of points in a crystal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Luminescence:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Emission of visible light when an electron returns to the ground state <span style=""> </span>from an excited state.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Magnetic</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">field</b> <b style="">strength:</b><span style=""> </span>Intensity of an applied magnetic field.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Microstructure: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Structural features that can be observed with a microscope.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Noncrystalline:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Amorphous, with no long-range atomic order.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Opaque:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Material that does not transmit light.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Phonon:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Quantum of vibrational energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Phosphorescence:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Luminescence that lasts for more than one second.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Photovoltaic cells:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">A device capable of converting light energy to electricity.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Photoconductivity:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Electrical conductivity induced by light.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Photon</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">:<span style=""> </span>Quantum of electromagnetic energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Piezoelectric:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Material that produces an electrical response to a mechanical force.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Plastic</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">deformation:</b><span style=""> </span>Permanent deformation, change of shape.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Polycrystalline:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Composed of more than one crystal or grain.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Porcelain:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">A durable ceramic composite made by firing clay, feldspar and quartz <span style=""> </span>together.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Reflection:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Deflection of light at the interface between two materials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Refraction:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Bending of light as it passes from one medium into another.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Refractory</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">:<b style=""> </b><span style=""> </span>Material that can be exposed to high temperature without deterioration.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Resistivity:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Measure of resistance to passage of electrical current (reciprocal of <span style=""> </span>conductivity).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Semiconductor:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Nonmetallic material that has a relatively narrow energy band gap.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Sintering:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Coalescence of individual ceramic particles into a continuous solid phase at a <span style=""> </span>high temperature.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Slip:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Mixture of clay with water that can be poured into a mold.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Slip</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">casting:</b><span style=""> </span>Method of making ceramic objects by pouring slip into a mold.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Softening</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">point</b> <b style="">(glass)</b>:<span style=""> </span>Maximum temperature a glass can be heated before it <span style=""> </span>permanently deforms.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Smart materials:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times;">Materials able to detect a change in the environment and react to it.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Specific</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">volume:</b><span style=""> </span>Volume per unit mass, reciprocal of density.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Strain:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Change in length of a sample in the direction of an applied stress.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Stress: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Force applied to a sample divided by its cross-sectional area.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Structural</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">clay products</b>:<span style=""> </span>Ceramic objects made mainly of clay and used in <span style=""> </span>structural applications.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Structure: </span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Arrangement of internal components.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Superconductivity:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Disappearance of electrical resistivity at low temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Supercooling:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Cooling below the normal temperature for a phase change, without the <span style=""> </span>change occurring.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Tensile</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">strength:</b><span style=""> </span>Maximum stress without fracture.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Thermal</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">expansion</b> <b style="">coefficient,</b> <b style="">linear:</b><span style=""> </span>Fractional change in length divided by <span style=""> </span>change in temperature, a measure of a materials tendency to expand when heated.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Thermal</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">stress:</b><span style=""> </span>Residual stress caused by a change in temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Thermal</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">tempering:</b><span style=""> </span>The introduction of residual compressive stresses to increase the <span style=""> </span>strength of glass.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Toughness:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Energy absorbed by a material as it fractures, a measure of its resistance to <span style=""> </span>fracture.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Transgranular</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">fracture:</b><span style=""> </span>Fracture by crack propagation through the grains.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Translucent:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Transmits light diffusely.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Transparent:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Transmits light clearly.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Unit</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"> <b style="">cell: </b><span style=""> </span>The basic repeating unit in a crystal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Times;">Whiteware:</span></b><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style=""> </span>Clay-based ceramic that turns white after firing.<o:p></o:p></span></p> Rudi Ahmad Nhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06396134734295879880noreply@blogger.com0